Central to the brain. Kintseviy mozok: budova and functions

Central parallel and paresis occur with localization of pathological signs in the precentral region. The somatic representation of the rok's functions is approximately similar to that for the sensitiveness in post-central development. 3 - for the great length of the precentral zivini, the focus of pathological processes (sudinni, puffy, traumatic) will lead you to enmity, not all, but in part. Localization of the pathological disease on the outer surface of the wicker, but also the paresis of the upper skin, mimic musculature and movi (linguistic abnormal paresis), and on the medial surface of the central rubber foot - the severing

2. Neurological symptoms of osteochondrosis: myazov, dystrophic, humeral-scapular periarthrosis, cortical artery syndrome

In a large number of vypadkіv accelerated є a lot of infusion of one or two osteophytes or soft eruptions of the disc.

Regularly from the ethiological official, localization of the pathological process and the stage of becoming ill, the onset of the onset of clinical manifestations of osteochondrosis:

More in the area of ​​shia there is a change in the ridge apparatus of the ridge (including the mid-ridgelike disc).

Shiino-shoulder pain of a nice character.

Korintseviy syndrome with symptoms of baking, pulling any type of severe radicular pains in the back of the neck, in the sub-mental and mid-pathogen areas, in front of the palpitations of the palms of the palms.

Serednyov_chchyya, approximately from the 4th to the 14th age, well, see, the smell is good from the point of view of the development of science as a whole. In the era of the Renaissance of the fence, there was a residual surplus, which called for the progressive development of all anatomical knowledge. Silvio, describing the bichu cerebral part, as at the moment, the house was seen as Sissivi.

In addition to the description of arteries groups, how to feel like a brain, Vils in various terms, such as neurology, pivot, parts, striatum, stem and pimid, and showing the minds of the brain a description of the island, how to become 2. Bartolyn was identified by Bartholin in the Nimetsky physiologist of Nimechchina, Fridrikh Arnold, for a selection of vikoristovuvati front, time and potential terms, to describe the cyst of the skull. Win not recognizing any housekeeping and cerebral revolutions and describing the time zone as an expanded city area.

Neurodystrophic damage (periarthritis shoulder joint, Syndrome of the anterior gingival ointment, neurovascular dystrophy of the upper part).

Cardiac syndrome (pain in the area of ​​the heart).

Syndrome urazhennya hrebetnoї arterії i її nice plexus (zadnіy Shiin cuter syndrome i rozladi, SSMSC Je naslіdkom nedostatnostі krovopostachannya stovburovih vіddіlіv mozk) scho viyavlyaєtsya zapamorochennyam, noise i dzenkotom at vuhah, mozochkovimi torn down, slabkіstyu in kіntsіvkah, SSMSC chastіshe vinikayut at zaklyuchnih position gіperekstezіі і to know at the middle position of the shia.

The French anatomist Luis P'єr Gratiolet gave a first description of shovels and a knife for the brain. Winning a first anatomist, a kind of intelligence and describing how the lack of satisfaction with individual options, grooves and brains and turns, organized in a manner similar to the outwardly organized organization. Robot Gratiolleta laid the foundations for those who were sent to the brain by the anatomist, anthropologist and French surgeon Paul Brock, who had created the grooves and knives for the brain. Broca first describing the topographic sounds about the cranial brain and assigning the cordon of the rukh apparatus to the brain.

Shiina mylopathy of discogenic etiology, which manifests itself in the progression of spastic-atonic upper paraparesis and spastic lower paraparesis.

3. Spinal ataxia (Friedreich's ailment).

Spadkovi attacks.

The coordination of the ruch is developing, the trick is to walk.

Lesions of the corns.

Vikoristannya in the basis of іsnuyut correlation between the points is revealed by the skull and the surface of the brain, Broca became a pioneer of the modern neurosurgery, the roots of the first anatomical points of the direction. Viliam Turner also detailed the cerebral grooves, and Turner's boron became the same for the intraparticle groove. Evolutionary Aspects Like before the theory of evolution, primitive ribs left the oceans for about 350 million years.

I only sound in the 4th, purely the development in the core of the workers has become through a series of glimpses in the middle. lucky scheme human measles are characterized by knives. The groove of the hipocampus and the groove of the horn are also present in the early ssavts. which became sites for sensory functions and special drives. Ymovіrno, scho 2 parts, earlier rozvinenі in the bark, the architecture of which was periodically folding from the 3-ball structure of the cob measles dzherel to 6-ball standard measles. Porozhnina horns appear as a result of ventral replacement of peritoneal measles.

Cutting the rear corners.

Stripping of the peripheral nerves.

Clinical syndromes: Geni pleiotropic, to genius with no effect. Romberg described tardus dorsalis for the first time. Duchenne describing the motor ataxia. Tse syphilithic battle spinal cord.

Spinal attacks:

Khvorob Friedreich,

Hvoroba Strompel (dorsal - cerebellar).

The other hemispherical groove is the horn groove. With the help of another pair of pink measles zone, the measles was formed into a concentric ring in the parasitic area. Behind the words of Samat і netske. the youngest also vіdomy yak nyukhova bark. Morphological. overturning insolation.

The optic bark has developed in the paralimbic area. including parabolic and paraanal cortex. The development of cerebral drinks and cortical surfaces. Then there was a third good differentiation of measles. They call it a limbic system. The tricycle is saved until the fifth month. I want vidlam, podbnі trіschiny, can also win through trіschini in arteries. square additional grooves. with different authors, as they propose different interpretations. if the surface of the brain becomes smooth, and the area is isolated by one obvious depression.

Mendel's ailment (predominantly cerebellar).

Ataxia P. Mari.

Khvorob Friedreich.

To repair in a child - in 10 - 15 years, or even in a mature camp. The cunning of the walk is determined.

5 syndromes:

Loss of coordination syndrome. The reason is the back ropes. Appear in a grimace, ataxia.

The knives are designed to create very small and anatomically larger grooves. furrows of development through the process of innovation in the middle, and the whole evolution of the brain goes through a circular process of development, so that it can be wrapped around the thalamus in the morphological center. and shorts. the nomenclature is varied in wide fringes. wine for teencephalic micur and vegetal vesicle. May on uvaz, where the grooves can grow beyond the size and shape from people to people. The fewer turns are wide, like transverse wraps.

The development of the medial organization of the surface grooves, mabut, especially to lay in the development of the heartless body. To that, the connection between the grooves є zagalny. and then the red furrows, tied with the brain. radial babies in the organization of median furrows. Stretching the fourth and fifth months of vaginosity. і the transverse hemispheric skeleton is between telencephalic bulb and diencephalic vesicles. It will soon be an hour for embryogenesis. Naybіlsh zmenіnoyu є trikutna part і operative part of the lower frontal stake. and not in the middle of the lateral grooves on the surface of the cerebral groove.

Rukhovikh syndrome. Atrophy of m'yaz_v homilka, other m''yaz_ of the foot. Wager III and VI cranially - cerebral nerves And also often - XII and II bet.

Syndrome of cystic deformities: - kyphosis, - scoliosis, - Friedreich's foot (high star, extension of the main phalanges of the toes and flexion of the finger phalanges).

Sensitivity disorder syndrome. Sensitivity breaks down. Guard the I and VIII cranial nerves bet.

Often. proencephalic vesicles. Їx form to fix use a knife. Between the eighth and tenth lower vagina and transition schools. v housewife human brain. knives and grooves є natural extensions of the subarachnoid space. put in.

The lines, which are distributed in the middle of the transverse turns, are distributed according to the increase and the amount of glybin. tim'yano-potilichnoy. and without interruption in all groove depths. and then second and third lines. it is important to note that in the final presentation. tim'yano-potilichnoy. The head rank is the later turn, which converges to the poleward pole: the upper one along the vertical. In fixed anatomical preparations, with visual arachnoiditis and vasi. Chervonі Lіnії will lead to the post-organizing of brain revolutions. Sposter, which knows the main features of the grooves, it can in the whole develop the configuration of the primary identification of the grooves, which are the most characteristic and last ones. the parietal area is divided into 2 parts.

Psychic disorder syndrome.

RECISSIVNY USPADKUVANIA. Rizik ailments 25% are not covered by stati. When Friedreich's ailment breaks down 2 enzymes: lipolydehydehydrogenase. Enzyme deficiency is produced to accumulate glutamate. Destruction of the CoA. The synthesis of acetylcholine will break down.

Pathogenetic lykuvannya: coenzyme Q - thiotropin - releasing - hormone, riboflavin, cornitin, ascorbic acid. Symptomatic therapy (for the treatment of ataxia): obzidan, carbomozepin, amantadine. Physical culture, massage.

1. Internal capsule: symptoms of urozhennya.

Clinical picture of hemiplegia

The internal capsule is a ball of white speech between the commensal-shaped nucleus, from one side, and the head of the caudate nucleus and the thalamus - from the other. In the inner capsule, the front and rear legs and number are expanded. Fold the front nіzhku axoni kіtin, in the main frontal part, go to the nuclei of the bridge to the brain and to the corns (fronto - bridge - to the corns). With these victories, the coordination of ruffs and positions is promoted, ailments cannot stand and walk - lobova ataxia. The front two thirds of the rear lower leg of the inner capsule are fixed by the pyramid tract, in the colony pass the Corvo - nuclear path. Ruynuvannya cich guides should be brought up to the central parallel of the protagonists, the lower mimic muscles and half of the mov (hemiplegia).

The posterior third of the posterior lower leg of the inner capsule is stored in the axons of the thalamic clin, as it conducts impulses of all types of sensitivity to the brain and senses. When the guides are turned on, sensitivity is involved on the other side (hemianesthesia).

In case of capsular hemiplegia, all signs of a lesion of the central corneal neuron: muscle spasticity, advanced reflexes, surface reflexes, developing foot and hand pathological reflexes. The posture of Vernike - Mann is characteristic (the upper edges are bent, the lower edge is straightened and when walking, we move around the movement).

In case of a stately period of internal control, Psulum myazovy tone and gliboki reflexes appear in a decrease. Tse vikorystovuєtsya in diagnostics for the development of hemiplegia in ailments in a coma. If, lying on the back of a sick person, bend the upper edges in the lactic slopes and immediately lower them, then first descend before the surface on the side of the hemiplegia (h - for more low meat tone). The reasons on the side of the parallel to the lower stakes have been largely rotated.

2. Discogenous transverse cryovy ​​radiculitis and radiculomyeloeshemia, pathogenesis, clinical course. Recent findings about the pathogenesis of parallels in the mucous membranes and the impairment of the pelvic organ function in disc discs

Radikulit - fired in the nervous system. Become 1 - 5% of ignition processes nervous system... Previously, they respected the spirochete as a witch.

1/4 make sure you get the middle discs. The first among the people of old are the support - ruddy apparatus and the nervous system.

Disc prolapse is a part of the fibrous ring. If the back nucleus is zsuv - bichny, then it can be the pressure of the roots.

Causes of pain syndrome.

Structural or physical problems.

Metabolic damage.

New Satisfaction.

Imagine pain.

Structural damage.

prolapse mid-row disc, Spondylosis, spondylomestosis, fractures of the ridge (ridge ridge), osteochondrosis = kyphosis of working fatigue = Shaerman's ailment - May, spinal stenosis. Gryza of the disc - where the nucleus pulposus moves forward or backward. With the replacement of grids in the middle of the ridge, with the partial ruinuvannyam - Schmorl's gryzh. Spondylosis - changes in appearance between ridges, edges of growth, changes in decay in the boundaries of the segment. Spinal stenosis is an ulceration of the space, in which the spinal cord passes through and to liven up the spinal cord. Myeloischemia may develop. Spondylolistosis is the replacement of the ridge - the whole orthopedic problem. At the same time, it is necessary to interconnect the physical installation. Winikє of the incidence of bolovy syndrome. With a great magnitude of spondylolistosis, a single vykhid for a sick person is an operation. Ankylosing spondylitis - fibrosing spondylitis. Symptom of the thread - when there is a disease, it is not possible to break the thread on the breast plate. Elderly Kyphosis. Everything is degenerative - structurally ill, which can lead to pain syndrome and damage to the central nervous system.

Klinika transverse kryzhovy radiculitis.

1. Pain syndrome - the best yaskraviy. The stage can not be found in all ailments. I will see a change in my mind, lumbago - shot across, sharp bile in the spin when rozginnі. Vinikak ryzhuchy or prickly bill. Lyudin has received the position. continued

Suggestions for nutritional replacement

It is held from December to December. Nadal lumbodynia.

Mechanism for pain diagnosis:

a) dysphixation - in non-manual position vinikak bil (often with spondylolistosis).

b) meaty-dystonic beetle through an increase in meaty tone, c) dyshemic beele - winery in calmness, often during sleep.

d) ignition b_l: pulsating, changes in response to the reception of the protivopalnyh zasob_v.

Syndrome of sensitive disagreements.

Defective reflexes: colline reflex on the level of L2-L4 of the spinal cord, the Achilles reflex changes on the level of C].

Syndrome of trophic breakdowns: change in the temperature of the skin, as confirmed by thermography, dryness of the skin, change in temperature of the children, hyperpigmentation, peeling, hair loss.

Loss of statics and dynamics of the ridge: spine of the spine of the spine, the function of the collapse of the ridge, the Show-Bera test for decay (in the norm, it grows by 4 or more cm).

Symptoms.

Jlacera - there is a bile in dilyantsi nirok when lying straight legs. Positive symptom with lesions of the lower roots L 5 - Ci, L4. Niri - namagayutsya head to the breasts. A cough symptom is an increase in coughs. They also suffer from Lj and L2, to be differentiated from surgical and gynecological pathology, as well as to the groin area. When the disc is flattened, the ailments have more bends of the rods. For a rakhunok pressurization of a citizen's foot - clapping a foot. Damage at level L4. General rule: with the appearance of a persistent, trivial symptom, prior to surgery, the need for direction is pain syndrome trim more than 4 months. With irradiation, reflexion and muscular tone are inhibited. In case of shinny radiculitis, they are radiated into the scapula, brachioacromial slope. Virazheni neurodistrophic snakes.

In case of transverse draining (L1-S2 at the level of 10 - 12 chest and 1 transverse ridges), peripheral parallax of the lower symptoms, anesthesia of the perineum and nig (to the bottom of the pulparotomy. With important exercises, the syndrome develops stubborn belly, Paralitic intestinal obstruction, vasomotor - trophic hematuria.

3. Moses ataxia (P. Mari's ailment, olive-ponto-cerebellar degeneration).

Klinika, diagnostics, treatment, genetics

Mozochkova ataxia P. Mari - a decline in degenerative disease with over-lesions of the cerebellum and the second provincial paths. The type of sedation is autosomal - dominant. Vinikak is ill at the age of 20 years and older.

Characteristically, the deterioration of the functions of the cornsus and the first link. Ataxia is promoted in case of viconious co-ordinator tests, deranged walk, scandalous mova, intentional tremor, nistagmus. Mozochkovy symptoms coexist with altogether abnormal signs of secondary deficiencies (malformations of tendon and periostal reflexes, cloning of the feet), and some of the healthy and perioral deformities (obliqueness, fever, malformations) A characteristic acquaintance є in of a risky step turn over the decrease to the intellect.

Diagnostics.

Differential diagnosis is made from Friedreich's attack. Diagnostics priming on the basis of the disease.

Symptomatic.

Olive-ponto-cerebral degeneration.

A group of recessive disorders of the nervous system, characterized by degenerative changes in the neurons of the cornsus, the nuclei of the lower olives and the bridge of the brain, in the row of vipads - the nuclei of the cranial nerves of the caudal group. Indigestion is a type of sedation and rapid development of clinical symptoms. 5 types:

Mendel's olivopontocerebellar degeneration. To settle down in an autosomal dominant manner. Клініка: symptoms lesion of the corns(Ataxia, myazova hypotonia, scandalous mova with dysarthria, intentional tremor) of the nuclei of the caudal cranial nerves (dysarthria, dysphagia), pidky ganglia (hyperkinesia).

Olivopontocerebellar degeneration of Fikler-Winclair. To settle down in an autosomal recessive manner. Klіnіka: symptoms of a lesion of the corns, which are more important in the symptoms. Sensitivity and tendon reflexes do not change. Pareziv is dumb.

Olivopontocerebellar degeneration with retinal degeneration. To settle down in an autosomal dominant manner. Vinikaє among young people. At the same time with cerebellar and extrapiracy symptoms - a decrease in the state of health.

4. Olivopontocerebellar degeneration of the Jester - Haykman. To settle down in an autosomal dominant manner. It is early to arrive. Moses and striations of nuclei of VII, IX, X and XII pairs of cranial nerves (parallax of the facial nerve, bulbar symptoms). І posterior cords in the spinal cord (strand of the myazovo - slope view and vibrating sensitivity).

5. olivopontocerebellar degeneration with dementia, ophthalmoplegia and extrapiracytic disorders. The decline is autosomal - dominant. Characterized by dementia, progressive ophthalmoplegia, extrapiracy and cerebral symptoms.

Symptomatic. Courses of nonspecific zagalnozmіtsnyuyuchiy lіkuvannya, massage, lіkuvalnuyu physical culture.

1. Boulevard and pseudobulbar parallel

A characteristic feature of the stovbur to the brain is that it is bought in a small space of the nuclei of the cranial nerves, especially to be carried to the nuclei of pairs V, IX, X, and XII in the large brain. The nucleus cytoplasm is urazhayutsya at occasionally small sizes of pathological vognische, to produce up to the development of a parallel peripheral type 9, 10, and 12 pairs of nerves (parallel mov, pharynx, larynx). Clinically, it is necessary to rotate through the distribution of kovtannya (dysphagia), the second sonority of the voice (aphony), the nasal vidtinkom move (nasolalia), the damaged articulate vimov and sounds (dysarthria). Denmark has a complex of pathological signs otrimav the name of the bulbar paralysis.

Inodi guard half diameter dovzhastogo brain... As a result of the smashing of the nuclei of the cranial nerves on the sides of the head, the interruption of the paramedal bundle, the development of hemiplegia on the prototype bots (alternating hemiplegia) is achieved. Bilateral alternating parallich 9, 10 and 12 pairs of cranial nerves inappropriate for life.

Rozladi kovtannya, the lanterns or articulations are in the middle in both cerebral infusions, the central neurons are injected to the lactopharyngeal, bloody and lazy pairs of cranial nerves. Such parallels are called pseudobulbaric. There is a stench when the functions of the cortical - nuclear parts of the pyramidal system are damaged.

Bilateral dissection of cortical - nuclear beams is supervised by the appearance of pathological reflexes of oral automatism. Stimulate a positive proboscis reflex. In the case of the proboscis vipinennya of the lips, it is not possible to move forward from the blow, but from the direction of the hammer to the mouth of the sick person - there is a distant oral reflex. stroking

nerves ailments

shkiri doloni over the days of the great finger (reflex of Marinescu - Radovic) supervise on the way of shkiri pidboriddya.

Dot with a cotton swab to the corneous membrane of the wicker, fast-moving mucus pidboriddya or the lower slit to the opposite side.

One of early sign bilateral lesion of the central or peripheral motor neurons of the articulatory musculature є dysarthria, which can occur with the onset of both afferent and eferent systems. Serious skargi are ailments for the duration of the movement, the visibility of the readiness, growth and the inviolability of the movement.

At the syndrome of a paralysis to enter, in addition to dysarthria, as well as a problem of communication and phonation. At the same time, symptoms of oral automatism appear.

2. Focal epilepsy, the cause of the blame.

Manifest focal attacks in case of degradation of the epileptogenic presence

Intoxication, autointoxication, abscesses to the brain, igneous granulomas, meningitis, encephalitis, arachnoiditis, arachnoidal bristles, bladder problems. Peredv_sniki symptomatic epilepsy.

In case of symptomatic epilepsy, headache attacks are often repaired from focal aura. Prior to the sensory aura, there is a developmental breakdown on the side of the organs of the senses. Zorova aura, which is a worm in the affected areas of the city, you start to show up in those areas of yasks, shining sacks, lines, yaskravo is a worm-name for farbivans of navkolishnіh objects (simple healthy hallucinations are around the warehouses) and in the case of ). Change the size of objects. Inodi vipadayut fields zoru (hemianopsia), it is possible to vrata zoru (slapota). In case of a scent aura (skroneva epilepsy), ailments carry a "rotten smell", often in conjunction with savory hallucinations (relish blood, girkot metal). Hearing aura is characterized by the appearance of different sounds: noise, triviality, rustling, music, screams. For the psychic auri (in the case of the affected temporal area), there are types of experiences of fear, zhahu, or bliss, joy. The vegetative aura is manifested by the changes of the functional stance of the internal organs: sertsebitam, pain behind the sternum, increased peristalsis of the intestine, poses for severity and defecation, pain in the stomach, nudity, dullness. The motor aura (when the sensorimotor area is affected) rotates in a kind of rocking automatisms: turning the head and eyes to the side, smoktalny and zhuvalny rukhs. Focal cortical seizures tend to occur frequently with unconditional testimony

and, as a rule, they are one-sided. It is not often spontaneous at once, both focal and court attacks.

3. Principles of treatment of persistent ataxias

Pathogenetic lykuvannya, for example in case of spastic paraplegia of Strumpel: coenzyme Q thyotropin - releasing - hormone, riboflavin, cor-Nitin, ascorbic acid.

Symptomatic therapy (for the treatment of ataxia): obzidan, carbomozepin, amantadine.

Zagalnozmіtsnyuchі drugs, scho to redden the bloodstream, vitamins, physiotherapy, massage.

Hirurgical treatment (correction of deformity of Friedreich's foot).

1. Features of the innervations of the muscle muscles by the central and peripheral corneal neurons. Peripheral parallich of minutiae

A special nerve є a shifting nerve. At its warehouse there are parasympathetic and sensitive fibers, the remaining two types of fibers are seen as an intermediate nerve.

Rukhov's part of the facial nerve will provide the innervation of all the miniscule muses of exposure, muses shell, Skull, hind cherevts of the two-abdominal ointment, court muzzle and pediatric ointment of the shia. The qi system is composed of two neurons. The central neuron of measles cells of the lower third of the precentral zivini, axons of which near the cortical - nuclear pathway are sent to the brain to the nucleus of the facial nerve of the prototypal side. A part of the axons goes to the nucleus of its side, it ends up on the peripheral neurons, which innervate the muzzles of the upper part of the face.

Peripheral neurons are represented by cells of the nucleus of the facial nerve, which are removed in the 4th day of the brain. The axons of peripheral neurons form the root of the facial nerve, which goes from the bridge to the brain spirally from the root of the intermediate nerve between the posterior edge of the bridge and the olive to the large brain. Dal the offense of the nerve go into the facial canal in the colony, to become the colony - gangl.geniculi. Out of the canal, it enters the parotid saline vines.

In a special channel from the facial nerve, enter the great kamian nerve, the court nerve and the drum string.

With the lesion of the facial nerve, the peripheral paralysis of the facial muscles develops - this is the name of prosoplegia.

Vinikak asymmetry of an individual. Urazhena Polovnev is a non-ruhoma specimen, mask-like, the folds of the forehead and nasolabial folds are smoothed out, the line widens, the eye does not close, the mouth of the company goes down. Slosotecha. Decreased horn and brow reflex.

When the crust-nuclear path is defeated, the parallels of the face muses are deprived of the lower half of the face on the opposite side of the face of the defeated sides. It is not often on the side of the winery and hemiplegia (aka hemiparesis). The peculiarities of the parallels are explained by the fact that the part of the nucleus of the facial nerve, which can lead to the innervation of the muscles upper half individuals, I will reject a two-sided cortical innervation, and іnsha - one-sided.

2. Polyemielitis, epidemiology, prophylaxis, treatment.

Poliomyulit (childish-paralich) - a state of infection, infected with a virus with a tropism to the anterior horns of the spinal cord and the rudny nuclei of the stovbur to the brain, the destruction of some cyclones of parallax atrophy.

Epidemiology.

Most often, sporadic illnesses occur, but in the past, epidemias were recognized. The number of healthy noses and abortive diseases, if the disease came before the development of parallels, significantly surpasses the number of ailments in the paralitic stage. The most healthy nose and abortive diseases are the main problems in all cases of illness, if it is possible to become infected as a sick person in a paralytic stage. The main ways of transmission of infection are special contact and fecal obstruction. We will explain the seasonality with the maximum ailment in summer and early autumn. At the age of 5, the steadiness is very low. The incubation period is 7-14 days, or even up to 5 days.

There are 4 types of reactions to the virus poliomyelite:

Development of immunity when there are symptoms of illness (subclinical or implicit infection);

Symptoms in the stage of viremia, which have the character of an external infection without a diagnosis to the process of the nervous system (abortive symptoms);

The presence of fever, headache, ill health (up to 75% in the period of the Epidemic) in bagatokhs; There may be a meningeal manifestation, pleocytosis in the liquid. Parallels do not develop;

Parallel development (in okremikh vypadkakh).

Prevention.

So as a secret, slaughter, feces can take vengeance against viruses, it is ailing recommended for isolation not less than 6 times. In feces, viruses appear after 3 months in 50% of ailments and in 5-6 weeks - in 25%. Children in booths, de ailments go to insoluvati from іnіh children for 3 tіzhni іsolatsіy sick. Modern immunization is a greater success in the world of intercourse in the expansion of epidemics. VaccinaSeibina (1-2 drops for a small piece of tsukru) expands the immunity for 3 rocks and more.

3. Significance of electro-neuromyography and new non-invasive methods of pre-diagnosis in diagnostics of nervous diseases

electromyography- the method of reconstructing the bioelectric activity of the muscular system, which allows for the significance of the nervous system. The method is stagnant in ailments with small ruffles for the purpose of making a step and a wider battle.

electroneuromyography- a comprehensive method, based on the basis of the stasis of electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerve with the onset of injections of the vicious potential of the innervated mucosa (stimulation of the electromyography) and the nerve (stimulation of the electroneurography)

Viklikanі potentiality of myazi.

М - ідповідь - summarized synchronous discharge of rokovyh odnits of m'yazi at її electrical subdivision. H - type - monosynaptic reflex response of the mucous membrane in case of electric subdivision of sensitive nerve fibers of the greatest diameter from the subdivision of the subliminal stimulus for rud axons. The setting of the maximum amplitudes of H and M - indications characterizes the level of reflexiveness of alpha - motoneurons of the given muzzle, and in the norm it ranges from 0.25 to 0.75. With an increased pathway, the amplitude of the H - reflex and the target of the H / M will get better. H - reflex can be found in other muscles of the hands and feet. When peripheral motoneurons and spikes are severe, the amplitude of the H - reflex and the impairment of the H / M decrease, with a severe denervation of the H - the reflex of the mind.

Rhythmic stimulation of the peripheral nerve to be carried out to detect the deterioration of the nerve - myazovoy providnost, mіasthenіchny reaction.

Shown to the end of the day and diagnostic value. Electromyography allows you to establish a change in meat tone and deterioration of ruff. Vona can be used for characterization of meat activity and early diagnostics of the lesion of the nervous and meat systems, if clinical symptoms do not bend. EMG - until it is allowed to activate the manifestation of pain syndrome, the dynamics of the process.

1. Symptoms of the lesion of the facial nerve in the fallopian canals

Cutting the nerve in a special canal until the last line of sight of the great stone nerve should be brought up in one hour from the tiny parallels to dryness of the eyes, the taste and hypercauses will be spread. As long as the nerve is to fight for the inspiration of the great stone and court nerves, for the inspiration of the drum string, then there will be a miraculous parallich, there will be a flow of relish. If there are 7 bets in the key channel, lower than the input of the drum string, or if you go out from the slotted opening, open the winniggly parallich from the drip-j ime. Most often, there is a lesion of the facial nerve at the entrance to the facial canal and from the skull. The facial nerve can be doubled and relapsed.

2. subarachnoid hemorrhage, causes of blame, clink, lykuvannya.

Terms of post-regime for ailments

It is not common to be susceptible to craniocerebral injuries as a result of the tearing of the vesicles, the pulp - the cerebral membrane, veins, which fall into the sinuses, intracortical vessels, especially when the brain is struck, before - in the ligament of the membrane of the dura mater and sinus ...

The early period is characterized by symptoms of measles in the brain (epileptic seizures, psychomotor disturbances), meningitis of the other and radicular symptoms. Клініка growing up gostro or step by step. Here it is a problem to skarry on head b_l, back pain. Lo "calysis pain to lie down in the topics of fighting saplings: often the pain predominates in the country, but in those regions, from the radiosity in the eyes. pe3Kai headache, early meningeal symptoms, psychomotor disturbed 1 nya, madder, disorder of anxiety, euphoria. Destroyed zmіnyuєte] stunned. Reactions in a sick person in an unreported state ! call for changes, a house of blood appears in them. The prognosis is good!

Suck up, how to move the throat of blood: chloride Ca (10%, 3-5 tablespoons or 10 ml i.v.), Ca gluconate (0.5 g 3-4 times a day, or 10 ml 10% v / v) abo i / m), vikasol (1 ml of 1% solution i / m), as well as drugs that induce fibrinolytic blood activity, for example aminocaproic acid (10-15 g daily). In case of damaged diazepam, aminazine. Indicated repeated lumbar puncture, saluretics and glucerin.

3. Chorea Huntington.

Clinic, diagnostics, pathogenesis, treatment, genetics

Chronically progressive decline - degenerative illness, characterized by an overgrowing choreic hypertension and dementia.

Genetics.

Zahvoryuvannya spadkove. The type of sedation is autosomal - dominant with high penetrance (80 - 85%). The mutant gene is localized in 4 chromosomes.

Pathomorphology.

Atrophy of the brain appears. In pedigree ganglia, especially in the scale and caudate nucleus, gross degenerative changes of other and great cells begin, the change in number, the growth of major elements.

Hvor_yut in 30 years. There can be a lot of intellectual property, and dementia is developing in a frivolous way. One hour there are choreic hyperkinesi: shvidki, unrhythmic, happy hands in different groups of music. Difficulty making it difficult and supervising a number of unnecessary ruins. A small part of ailments can be easily stifled hyperkinesis. Mova is complicated. Hypotonicity of myaziv. Pareziv is dumb. Zahvoryuvannya progressє.

Diagnostics.

On the EKG diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain. Pneumoencephalography is the expansion of the lingering and so called the depression of the thalamus, as well as the disease is associated with the lesions of other cells. At CT - signs of atrophy of measles in the brain. In diagnostics, there is a significant decline in the nature of the ailment, the appearance of the disease in the brain, the nature of the change in the disease, the change of the cerebrospinal birth.

For stifling hyperkinesis - antagonizing dopamine - phenothiazine preparations - triftazin (75-10 mg / dob) in combination with tranquilizers, dopegita, reserpin.

1. Three-part nerve. Peripheral and segmental type of sensitiveness deterioration on the face

The tripartite nerve is the cephalic sensitive nerve of the individual and the mouthwash, and in its warehouse it is also the fibers for the mucous membranes. The sensitive part is set by a lance of three neurons. Clients of the first neurons roztashovani in the first university tripartite nerve Roztasvanny on the front surface of the pancreatic membrane between the sheets of the dura mater. The dendrites of the cych clitin go up to the shkiri of the disclosure and to the areas innervated by the pins of the tripartite nerve. Clines of other neurons pass through the mesto-cerebral, pre-gasteal cerebral and two upper spinal segments of the spinal cord. In the core is a somatotopic representation. At the oral part of the nucleus, the region of the individual is represented, which is the most distant until the middle line, and navpaki, in the caudal part - the most distant region. That is, when the nucleus is defeated on the lower ravines of the bridge, the deep brain is in the middle of the zone, and the sensitivity is not caused by the growth in the ganglia of the tricycle nerve, but is of a segmental nature. Also, caudal parts of the nucleus are affected, anesthesia is performed in the form of swamp on the surface of an individual from the chola to the second and the last.

Fibers of other neurons go to the opposite side and go to the thalamus. From the cells of the thalamus, the third neurons of the tricycle nerve system are repaired, the axons of which are sent to the cells of the brain and end in the lower sections of the postcentral and precentral cells.

The striking of the nucleus of the spinal path of the tripartite nerve is manifested by sensitivities of the segmental type.

With a peripheral type of impairment of sensitivity, an increase in the throat of the tripartite nerve (intramuscular nerve, maxillary nerve, inferior slit nerve) is observed, and in the presence of a nerve, the nerve of the attacks and the zone of the innervation will be characteristic of the fever.

2. Coma with cerebral strokes.

Yak viznachiti hemiplegia, іnshі signs of battle

brain in ailments in a coma.

Advanced methods

Stroke - tse gostre damage to cerebral blood circulation. Win can be hemorrhagic and hemorrhagic. Before the hemorrhagic hemorrhage is carried into the cerebral cord and under the shell, before the hemorrhagic - thrombotic, embolic and non-thrombotic education.

Coma is the most glimpse of the onset of evidence, when both mind and reflexes are extinguished (at the expense of the mind and heart). Pathological reflexes (Babinsky's reflex) are not often seen. Mitigation of cerebrovascular accidents in case of impaired function of the reticular formation of the brain (activation of systems), in case of brain injury, cerebral strokes, important intoxications.

In case of a gross period of time, the internal capsule is reduced in tone and reflexes. Tse vikorystovuєtsya in diagnostics for the development of hemiplegia in ailments in a coma. If, lying on the back of a sick person, bend the upper edges in the lactic slopes and immediately lower them, then first descend before the surface on the side of the hemiplegia (h - for more low meat tone). The reasons on the side of the parallel to the lower stakes have been largely rotated.

3.hepatolenticular degeneration (Konovalov's disease - Wilson's). Clinic, diagnostics, pathogenesis, treatment, genetics

Hepatolenticular degeneration (hepatocerebral dystrophy, Vilson-Konovalov's ailment) is a chronically progressive decline-degenerative illness, which is characterized by the same lesions in the central nervous system.

Zakvoryuvannya spadkov, sedation autosomal recessive. The leading pathogenetic sign is a genetically impaired synthesis of cerulloplasmin bilca, which can enter the store of alpha 2 globulins, which is used for transport.

Pathomorphology.

pid internal organs In the eyes, degenerative changes begin, the most rotations in the pyocytic nuclei. Dystrophy of nerve cells with vognischevny razm'yakshennya, education of microcrystals and growths of the glia. Liver cirrhosis.

Symptoms of CNS and internal organs damage. In ailments, growths of myazova rigidity, malignant hyperkeys, pseudobulbar symptoms, progressive decrease in intellect, wrinkles from the side of the liver and the arch of the shell. Leading - the syndrome of extravagant destructions - rigidity of the tulubs, kintzivok, accusation, pharynx, collapse of walking, kovtannya and movi. Hyperkinesi: tremor, athetosis, torsion dystonia. Along with the turn and the next major manifestations, in the ear of the ear and the stage of the battle, there are 4 forms:

early developmental form;

tremtlivy - rigid і tremtlivy form;

Extrapіramіdni - cork form;

abdominal form.

Diagnostics.

On the basis of the class. In syrovatz blood, there is a decrease in the place of cerulloplasm, hypoproteinemia, hypertension in the blood, changes in liver tests, anemia, thrombocytopenia. The horns of the Kaiser - Fleischer are added to the pigment from the middy along the periphery of the cornea.

Vivedennya to the body of an excess of medi - thiol preparation (unithiol 5 ml 5% i / m school for 25 ін'єкцій 2 course for rіk, D - penіcylamіn 0.45 - 2 g / day). The drug will take all life. Preparations that polishuyut the function of the liver. Diet with office products, rich food, food fats and food. Vitamin and carbohydrate in excess.

1. Providniki and segmental problems of pain and temperature sensitivity in cases of lesions of the spinal cord

Pathological processes (trauma, burning, puffiness) often lead to a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. Affected guides in such a fall may be interrupted. All kinds of sensitiveness below the level of anxiety appear to be tormented (spinal type Provincial discord of sensitiveness). Such an increase in sensitivity is called paraanesthesia in clinics. At the same time, the sick person suffers from an eferent system, a spastic bunch, a parallel lower symptoms develop - a lower spastic paraplegia.

When carried out topical diagnostics, it was remembered about the particularity of the transition of the dorsal-thalamic fibers in the spinal cord from one side to the bottom. At the link with the cymbals, the upper interface must be shifted by 1 - 2 segments up the hill, and in this case, it must be located at the level Td or Tg.

The value of the border is less important in the localization of the chubby, if you see food about the operation. As soon as the surroundings become loose, the spinal cord segments and ridges become loose in the lower thoracic and transverse ridges as much as 3-4 ridges.

With a lesion of one half of the transverse spinal cord vision on the side of the head, the joint wakes up - the back cord is visible (the posterior cord is visible), there is a spastic parallel of the lower end (interruption of the crossed bundle). On the side, opposed to the fire, there is a visualization of pain and temperature sensitivity according to the conductive type (the dorsal - thalamic tract is connected to the cord). Such a key picture is called the Brown-Séquard parallel.

Provincial disasters of sensitiveness are susceptible to pathological signs in the back cords. At the same time, the joint is involved - the muscle and the vibrations are slightly on the sides of the head (the inclusion of the bundles of the thin and wedge-shaped). Inodi vipada and tactile sensitivity. Disruption of the posterior cords is more susceptible to tachycardia of the spinal cord, or lack of vitamins B12, or in case of myelochemia, which manifests itself as sensitive ataxia and parasthesia.

Segmental type of sensitiveness.

It is observed when the posterior horn and anterior spinal cord adhesions are obstructed. In the posterior rose, only other neurons in the pathway, which conduct an impulse of greater and temperature sensitivity from all types of dermatomes. yaksho rear rig To run through the stretching of decilkoh segments, in the form of dermatomes on its side, there is a sense of pain and temperature sensitivity. It is tactile and sensitive to the senses, and the guides appear in the posture zone of the head, and, having moved to the edge of the Lisauer zone, the stench will immediately be straightened into the rear rope. This kind of sensitiveness is called dissociated anesthesia. In case of severe anterior adhesions of the spinal cord, dissociative anesthesia can also develop, falling into decile dermatomes on both sides.

When localization of the head in the anterior adhesion of the spinal cord on the lower and thoracic segments of the razor of sensitiveness develops in the viglyad "jacket" - spinal, segmental type. Tsestrіchaєtsya at sіrіnshmіelіі, at judgments, With intramedular puffins.

2. Operative lichen.

Klіnіka, diagnostics, lіkuvannya

The price of free hanging on shkiri or mucous membranes at viglyadi bulbs on the erythematous - edematous infestation, expanding in the zone of segmental innervations. Operative versicolor (herpes) Most of the winners are among the lithians, or else you can be seen in any occasion. It is possible to achieve one or more instructions of the spinal-cerebral ganglia and posterior corners. The first place is to trace the thoracic region, on the other - the internal head of the tripartite nerve. In addition to the universities, before the process begins, the back corners, the shells to the brain, and the speech itself to the brain are formed.

Chvoroba to be repaired in rapt, gostro, without provisions. Characteristic general infectious symptoms: nezduzhannya, headache, slightly increased temperature, shlunkovo ​​- intestinal dislocation, ale buvay and little symptoms. The time period is usually 2-3 days. We will help to diagnose severe neural pain in the zone of innervascular diseases of the universities and in the cores. Bіl is sharply twisted, hectic, slow in character, can be sverbіzh. Possibility to develop hyperemia of shkiri and in 1-2 days a group of papules appears, which are characterized by a common worm. Papules become serous. After 3-4 days, the puffy crusts melt with ginger-brown colorah. When you see it, you will get pigmented scars, which will allow you to see it. In case of a severe institute of the threefold nerve of the bulb, it is localized on the face in the zone of innervation of the bulb, in the main one. Zakvoryuvannya trivaє 3-6 tizhnіv and do not leave behind. Ale in lіtnіkh nerіdko vinikє postherpetic neuralgia. As long as the bulbs are on the horns, keratitis can develop with further slough.

Stagnate deoxyribonucleosis, analgesics, aspirin, and, if necessary, drugs in conjunction with neuroleptics, antihistamines, barbiturates. For the control of erosions from secondary infections, ointments with antibiotics. When accelerated - GCS. When developing, neuralgia is postherpetic - roentgenotherapy. At the hospital stage and with neuralgia - tranquilizers, carbamazepin, antidepressants (amitriptylin) in conjunction with analgesics.

Suggestions for nutritional replacement

Promіzhna mozok. Promіzhna mozok(Atl., 77) in the main prikhovanie pіvkuli. In the new development there are such insights: young men of hump, lateral and medical colony, submontane and supra-hillock areas. In the middle of the brain there is the third lug.

Zoroviy hillock, or thalamus(Thalamus opticus), - a great elipsoid tilo (Fig. 125). At the bottom, they get angry at the sub-hillock area, laterally grow out of the great pivkule, and on the medial surface, they set the third slug.

The main plate of the cerebral tube of the embryo in the middle brain ends, and the green tubercle (at the same time with the forebrain) appears as a lost LTSHMSHOPK plate, and here there are no rud nuclei.

Zoroviy hillock folds from syroї speech, group into kernels (Fig. 128). At the bottom of the yogo part to lie ventral nucleus... The rest will end dorsal-tuberous path, medial loop, tripartite loop, upper lobe of the moss and інші ways, as to conduct impulses from school and proprioreceptors. V anterior nucleus end nipple-tuberous way To bring rich component impulses. At the caudal pole of the hillock, in the so called pillows, Finish part of the fibers of the zorovogo way. In the Danish hour of the thalamus nucleus, switch the pulses to the central fields of the analyzers in the cortex great pіvkul, Carry up to projection abo relay... Інші kernels, yak, for example, lateralі large part of the pillow, transmitting the message to the inter-analytic or associative areas of measles; carry the cores up to associative.

Yak і in the stovburovoy part of the brain, in the green hump є illumination formations... The smell of growth between the nuclei and the call from the lateral and ventral nuclei of the thalamus was called nonspecific nuclei... Vvazhayut, that the nuclei are put on the bark і pіdkіrkovі vuzli more diffusely injected, lower relay thalamic nuclei; not only zbudzhu, ale and virazny galvannye defect. Similar to the form of a stock, nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus do not have any special integration functions, the alent world take a part in the regulation of new afferent infusions, which go by the analyzer.

adolescents nerve cells zorovogo hillock pretend thalamic radiance(Change vinets). Fibers її are sent to the great pіvkul, de stinks end up in the leading rank in the bark, as well as in the clientele of pedigree universities. On a regular basis, enter the warehouse of the extrapiracy system (Atl., 88).

Lateral geniculate body(Corpus genie ulatum laterale) (Fig. 126) are pulled out near the pillow and lateral root of the green path, the fibers which end in the new one.

Medial crankshaft(Corpus geniculatum mediale) lie on the flat of the transverse groove of the quadruple. Many fibers run out lateral loop, Come to the warehouse of the handle of the lower two-colliery. Fibers of nerve cells of a quantity of particles in a warehouse bright radiance(Along with the fibers of the pillow) hearing radiance heading to measles great pivkul.

Podhugornaya region, abo hypothalamus(Hypothalamus), - a part of the intermediate brain, which is located on the back of the brain. The rear part of the region is made up of two nipple-like bodies (Fig. 127). They run out speakers to the star- the way of the old measles to the brain. Fibers of the nipple-like bodies fit nipple-tuberous way Behind the yakimpulsi reach the anterior nuclei of the green hillock. For an hour, the nipple-like tila, like the anterior nuclei of the green humps, ring out from limbic system and organizing behavioral reactions. In front of the nipple bodies, lie Syriy Bugor... I sound, I go into the funnel, I penetrate into the hole of the Turkish seat across the diaphragm. On Vorontsi yak bi pidvisheniy hipophiz... Syriy hump is the center of the autonomic nervous system, which is infused into the conservation of the dynamical steel of the inner middle to the organism and to the mind of the new middle. Win empowered reciprocal impulses to the protruding nuclei of the middle, large and spinal cord, regulating their activity. Before the gray mound of the nerves (II) set crossover (chiasm), For what I will name green nobles.

Lie over the cross supraoptic nucleus... Yogo nerves, yak and klitini paraventricular nucleus, Roztashovanogo in the stage III slunk, viroblyayut neurosecret, zdatny penetrate into the back part of the hypophysis. Gladacheví way, bending around the brain, go to the medial and lateral corners. Medial goes to the upper two-colliculus і zorovogo hillock, lateral (greater) ede to the lateral collinear body.

supra-hillock(Epithalamus), tied with scent and a number of other impulses, small. Vaughn stock up cerebral, Extend back to tricytes(Fig. 125). From the rest to go backwards, be heavy - go backwards, so that you can find them with a lumpy mind, or epiphizom... The lower side of the epiphiz lie down to bend back back spike... The decaying fibers of the oviductal nuclei, which lie in the same tricut, go up to the nuclei of the middle brain.

third slut mє viglyad vertically - shilini (fig. 125, 127). Yogo bіchnі stіnі establishedі medіalnyh surfaces of green humps and sub-hillock area. I will remain surrounded by the dimple from below. To enter the warehouse of your back posterior commissure, From how to retract openings to the water supply. Fit the front wall of the shlunochka speakers to the star i go in front of them anterior commissure, Scho be introduced to the endocrine brain. Between the columns and the green hillocks open mіzhshlunochkovo, Scho z'єdnuyut empty of the third louse with the little shlunochki of the great pivkul. The upper part of the third slice is stored from the epithelial plate (surplus of the cereal grain) and the sheath of the sheath. Sudden gossip third slunk.

pivkul surface... The brain is at once from the side of the brain to the top and from the sides great pivkuli- kintsevym brain. Pivkuli, as it has already been introduced, are stored from the children's schools (gangs) raincoat, white speech and may be empty - little shlunochki.

cloak people have no ideas bark, T.E. Tse in the main nova bark, Yaka can grow more vitisnya bark of the lower ridge; the rest of the people get lost and the little ones old and old measles... Progressively developing in savts, a new bark is accessible to men of great growths, folding buds and orderly functions of all lower forms of the brain.

In every way, the bark is lost in numbers furrows, Yaki spread the entire surface of the pivkule on the opucle zivini and parts(Atl., 86 and 87). Razr_znyayayutsya a lot of parts: lobova, tim'yana, skroneva, potilichna, limbichna і island; It is common, central, temporal, explanatory, and the furrow's head.

bichna borozna Sulcus lateralis ostіvets(Fig. 129). Bichna borozna go on lateral surface pіvkulі, on whichever way gently backwards and uphill, upwardly, the frontier part of the wisherostatic part: frontal - in front and tempo - backward. From the cob of a bushy furrow to enter two heads: up the hill - vishidna, І forward - front(Atl., 87, A).

Central borozhennaya Sulcus centralis upper lateral surface down and forward, do not reach the groove. Tsentralnaya borozna vіdokremlyuє frontal part from tim'yanoi (Atl., 86, A).

Tim'yano-potilichna borozna(Sulcus parieto-occipitalis) walk vertically along the medial surface of the pivot, through the middle part ( fore-wedge) View on the table. On the upper-lateral surface of the tree with a cordon, in small patches, there is a clear line, so that the upper edge of the temporal furrows from pre-hardening virizkoy(Slide a vise to the lower edge of the glass of the rim of the rim of the brush).

bearded(Sulcus cingnli) pass along the medial surface of the tree parallel to the corpus callosum; Borozna ends with a vertical gilkoy (Atl., 87, B).

colateral borodenal(Sulcus collateralis) emerges on the lower surface of the vein, a skrone part of the lumbar and pylitic (Atl., 86, B).

On the lower surface of the pivot, in the front of the lower part, the oval-shaped bile tilo - nyukhova tsibulina, Yaka trivaє in scent path... Zadu vіn doubled up on lateral and medial of the scent, Behind which lie in front well-fed speech.

parts of pіvkulі. lobova part in its rear part, between the central furrow and spreading in front and in parallel upper and lower anterocentral furrows, maє front center zvivin... Remain on the medial surface of the pivkule to go to the front part paracentral lobe... From both anterocentral grooves, go forward along the straight edge of the two parallel lines furrows - upper lobov i lower lobova, Yakі vіdokremlyuyut three lobes zivini. Verkhnya lobova zvivina go to the medial surface of the pivkul, from the bottom to be surrounded by lumbar furrow. Middle lobova zvivin roztashovana between the upper and lower frontal furrows. Nizhnya lobova zvivina divided into three parts: pokrishkovuyu part(Between the lower anterocentral sulcus posterior, lower frontal furrow from the top and the upper and lower grooves to the front), trikutnu chastinu(Between hanging and frontal furrows) and orbital(To the bottom of the frontal groove of the bicorny furrow), the yak expands to the lower surface of the frontal part. Naybilsh vidatnu forward a part of the frontal part is called frontal pole.

tim'yana chastka in its front part, between the central and parallel rear central furrow, take revenge rear center zvivin, Yak on the medial surface of the pivkule go to the back paracentral lobe... perpendicular to the rear central boroznі To that and parallel to the medial edge of the inter-parietal boron The rear part of this part of the part is distributed on the upper and lower part of the part. Upper part go to the medial surface of the pivkul - tse fore-wedge... At the lower part of the time, the rear end of the brisk furrow breaks out and lie under it the upper side furrow. A part of the tsієї parcels, navkolishnє kіnets bіchnoi furrow, called supra-marginal zivino, And the part, which will drain the end of the upper furrow, - kutovy zvivinoyu.

skroneva part It grows in three late bears, parallel to the ones. Upper skroneva borozna lie beside the middle of the bed, flanking her Upper Skronev Zvivin. The middle skroneva is boroznaya, Would you like to stock up from the edges of the vidrizkiv, flanking the bottom middle skronev zvivin. Nizhnyaya Skroneva borozna, Roztashovana already on the lower surface of the pivot, lower skronev zvivin from the medial side. mіzh lower early furrow and run parallel to the collateral sulcus lateral skronevo-potilichna zvivina ... In front of the skronev part, round off in lateral pole.

Potilychna part sound in pole pole... On the upper lateral surface, there are not a lot of permanent furrows, її is basic, spur boron It is laid horizontally on the medial surface and anywhere from the tilting pole to the time-tilling furrow, in which it is angry in one stovbur. Mіzh tsimi borozy lie tricot form zvivin - wedge... Spur boron i back part collaterally surround medical short-term health.

limbichna part roztashovuutsya on the medial and lower surfaces of the pivot. Vaughn is stored for explanatory and paragipocampal zivin. belt zivina be interspersed at the bottom furrowed corpus callosum, And above - lumbar furrow, Yaka is seen from the front and the same part. Paragіppokampova zivina be interspersed at the top hippocampal furrow, Yaka є advancing down and forward of the posterior end of the furrow of the corpus callosum. At the bottom of the zvivina, it is adjoined by a collateral furrow early part.

The anterior end of the parahippocampus furrow hunts the front end of the hippocampal furrow, fixing slack.

basal ganglia, abo pіdkіrkovі universities, - to learn phylogenetically more early, lower bark. Tail and lentil-like kernels are brought before them, so that they can be wrapped in swarthy, and fenced in and out.

tail core(Nucleus caudatus) is twisted in the sagittal area and strongly bend (Fig. 125 and 130). Yogo front, the part is heavily pissed off - head- to sit in front of the green hillock, in the lateral stance of the front horn of the bicon, hvist.

The tail is the nucleus of the amphibious tubercle anteriorly, from above and from the sides.

lentil kernel(Nucleus lentiformis) grows called from the green hillock, on the edge of the island. The shape of the nucleus is close to the trigonal pyramid, which is nubbed with its base. The nucleus clearly extends by the projectiles of the white speech to a larger dark lateral part - the scale and the medial part - the blidy kulu, which folds into two segments: the inner and the outer (Fig. 128 і 129).

shkaralupa(Putamen) for genetic, structural and functional signs is close to the caudate nucleus. An offense to educate me more folded Budova, no more blidy kul. Before them, fibers come in the head rank of the great measles and the green hillock (Atl., 88).

Blida kulya(Globus pallidus) in the main dressings for carrying out impulses along the numerical decay paths in the lower structure of the brain - the red core, black substance and in.

dark tilo(Corpus striatum), with a single tail and lenticular nucleus extra systems .

In the process of phylogenesis, the nuclei are superimposed over the nuclei of the middle brain. Otrimuyuchi impulses from the green hillock (Atl., 88), the swarthy took part in the health of such folding automatic rucks, like walking, lazy, big. In the cores of the dark til, the arcs of the most folly insane, that is, the nature-fiends, reflexes, fade away. The extrapiracy system is phylogenetic for a long time, nowhere near it. In the newly born, the remainder is still lacking in importance and the pulses are delivered to the mucousins ​​from the pedigree universities by extra systems. For a long time, children in the first month of life are characterized by uzagalnistyu, undifferentiated. In the world, the development of measles, the great growth of fiber, іх clitin grows up to the basal ganglia and the activity of the remaining steps is regulated by the bark. Pidkirkovy universities are not tied only for rocket reactions, Ale і with vegetative functions - tse vischі pіdkіrkovіcentri autonomous nervous system.

A tail core, a common core, a green hillock, one from one with a speech - internal capsule.

fence(Claustrum) - a thin plate of blue speech, lay down to the shkaralupi, from which it appears as a thin ball of white speech - original capsule(Fig. 128 and 129). With the same thin ball of white speech, the fencing was lifted from the island.

instantly(Corpus amygdaloideum) - the purchase of clitin in the bіlіy river of the early part. For help anterior adhesions get away with the same height of the other side. Migdally similarly accepting impulses from the developmental afferent systems, including the scent system, may lead to emotional reactions.

Bila Rechovina roztashovuєtsya under the bark of the great pіvkul, setting up the appearance of the corpus callosum sucylnu masu. The lower part of the word was copied with the purchased gray (pedigree universities) and rose between them at the viglyad prodigies, or capsules (Fig. 129). Naypotuzhnіsha from them - internal capsule- є give further food to the brain (fig. 128) і store for projected paths, Yak from the top, so quiet, like to descend (Atl., 88, 93).

Naybіlsh great declining projection way є pіramіdny, which is stored from the cortical-nuclear and cortical-spinal ways.

Between the inner capsule and the bark of the projection paths, they expand flabby, approving promenist vіnets.

At the warehouse of biological speech, they develop associations, comic and projected fibers (Fig. 131).

Association fibers to mate a variety of measles of one and the same drink. Short fibers pass on the bottom of the furrows and take out the bark of suspicious zvivins, and dovgi - zvivini of the growing patches.

comisural fibers tie the bark of symmetrical parts of both pivkul (Atl., 88). callus tilo- the best comisural system, which brings one new measles out of the box. For phylogenetic early measles, this system is to serve as anterior and posterior adhesions and in.

fiber projection to go outside the winter season in the warehouses of the projection nobles. It is followed by a bilateral measles ligament from the lower level to the central nervous system, right up to the spinal cord (Atl., 88 and 93).

bicnі slunochki... The bicarbonate of the breeder is stored from the middle part and three go from one of the horns (Fig. 130).

Middle part at the viglyadi of the university, horizontally, the slits were roasted on the rivni of the small part, above the green hill, and to take Sudden gossip side slingshot.

front rig, Scho maє trikutny peretin, sit in the frontal lobe. View of the front horn of the first wind with a septum, Roztashovanoyi mіzh calluses tіlom and column zvod. Behind the middle part of the bicheskoy shlunochka it is significant to expand and go into the back and lower horns.

rear rig, Zagliblyuєtsya in the part of the city, maliy; on the th internal station there is a vistup - bird spur, - illumination of the squeezed furrow; the lower stinka is also the decile of the collateral furrow.

Lower Rig go forward and downward in the first section. That the bottom is carried by a collateral furrow; the media wall is strongly embedded in the hippocampal groove and I set it here hipocampus... It remains to be stored from the old measles of the lower ridge, which was laid in the lander. Otrimuyuchi іnpulsy from bagatokh analizatorsіv, wіn dressings with the regulation of uzagalnyh rukhіv all tіla and emotsіy.

open mіzhshlunochkovo They can be seen in the small chicks between the middle part and the front horn. Through the opening to pass one into one the gossip of the third and both of the wretches.

measles architecture... From the architectural measles of the great cultures, the minds of the particularity of the microscopic budovia. develop cytoarchitectonics(The number of peculiarities of the clitinnoy Budovi) (Fig. 132) i microarchitectonics(Sukupn_st features of fibrous budov and measles). An ear of vivchennya architectonics is carried until the end of the last century, if in 1782 r Jennari for the first time, having revealed the heterogeneity of Budov and measles in potilichnyh parts pivkul. U 1868 r Meinert having poured out the diameter of measles pivkul on a ball. Russia has the first glorification of measles buv V. A. Betz(1874). Naybilsh widely vivchennya architectonics began to be carried out in the XX century. and a neuromorphologist has reached its own level in pratsi of Radianskikh.

Sera rechovina, roztashovane on the surface of the great pivkul, mostly nova bark I borrowed 96% from people. Phylogenetically, more early cortical structures are old, old and industrial cortex - in humans.

old bark It is represented by the head rank by the septum of the biches of the shlunochkiv, the front by the speech and the lateral scent of the scent.

Before old crust The media is reported to be a sniff, hipocampus, a spike of a parahippocampal development and a gray speech in the glybin of a furrow of a corpus callosum.

Behind the vignette of a hitch, the surface of the parahippocampus zivini is ma budovu, a transition from old measles to new, and is seen in the quality of industrial measles. A similar bark in an even insignificant amount has been protected from people and from old bark and new ones.

tovschina measles news doorway in the middle 2-3 mm. Confirmation of the nerves of the cell and the fibers of the rosette in the seven balls (Fig. 133). The remainder are based on the width, density of rosette, shape and size of clitins, directly, density and thickness of fibers.

Ball I - molecular, To locate innumerable, even more other cells and rots parallel to the surface (tangentially) of the fiber. Є Let's talk about new, old, old and industrial measles.

Ball II - callous granular If I want to take revenge on the wrong things, the wrong form of the piracy. Bіdniy mієlіnovyh fibers.

Ball III - pіramіdny, Warehouse from pіramіdnyh clіtin, szmіri which grow in a straight line.

Smell the stench roztashovuyutsya columns, where the projected fibers pass.

Ball IV - internal granular, Approvals are often roztasvannyy sparse cells and thick purchases of horizontally straightened microfibers.

Ball V - ganglion, Placed in each of the cells (the middle ones are even larger) and lie radially and horizontally of the fiber.

Ball VI - polymorphic, With a great number of spindle-like cells; to reduce the amount of growth and density of cells and fibers.

Small. 133. Klіtinne (evil) і fibrous (right a) Budova measles of the great pіvkul on transverse vision (diagram).

Tops: I - upper, II - lower. Shari: 1 - molecular; 2 - callous granular; 3 - pyramid; 4 - internal granular; 5 - ganglion; 6 - polymorphic; 7 - spindle-like clitins.

Ball VII can be used in the same warehouse, but also in VI ball, but, being transferable to a white speech, it is signified by big cells and bagatsche fibers.

All measles cells are inserted neurons reflex arcs... Due to the nature of their participation in the activity of measles, they develop cells from small cells from short neuritis.

Clitini with dovgy neuritis presented small and spindle-like cells... Price of basic elements of the V-VII ball. The most recent decline in neuritis cychcillin is seen in the number of collaterals in all its way and, in the case of measles, it progresses into the bile of speech as a decline in the projection of fiber. It will end up in the subcortical ganglia, in the stovbur nuclei, or on the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The descending dendrite of the pyramidal cells grows to the first ball of measles, setting here a thicker reddening and appearing, like and the other dendrites of the pyramidal neurons, balls in the lower. In such a rank, pіramіdnі clіtynі pick up impulses from usіh balls of measles.

In the upper balls, the neurites may have a third ball. Neurity cichlitin enter before the store of white speech, which is important in the quality of the association fibers, behind which there is a connection between the small measles, and also at the eyes of the comisural fibers, the bark of the bicus is tingled.

Clitini with short neurites Tim is not allowed to go over measles. The cyclin is the head rank of the third part, as well as the pavuk-like and kuschuvat form. For people it is more, not for creatures, and the stench is versatile behind the form. Klіtini tsіtrіchayuyutsya in all balls of measles. IV has a ball of head elements. Їх role of the pole in the reception of afferent impulses and growths on the stage III and V ball. We are happy to see them, besides, the circular circulation of impulses in the cortex. Transmitting an impulse from one green cell to the other, reflexive... Having sniffed the nerve impulse, the stench can smell for a trivial hour in the camp, not to appear at annoying reactions activity and because of the fact that he was cuddling for a friend. It’s one of the forms of material memory for the substrate, anatomical and functional re-thinking for the dynamical fixation of succession, setting and effective information, so that people can store up the stretching life.

In such a rank, due to the nature of the storage balls of neurons, the cortex can be broken up to the upper and lower surfaces. bottom over Representations of V-VII balls, carrying a projection function, delivering lower fibers to the ruff nuclei of the brain and spinal cord. Top on top, It is possible to store from II-IV balls, wider along the cortex of the impulse, to come up along the upper fibers from the adult structures, and power the associative and comisural fibers to all areas of measles, i.e., the function of E.M. The upper over the measles onto- and phylogenetically develop from the lower; people have more twists and turns more beautiful than twins.

With respect, the folding and thoroughness of Budov and the measles of the great brews of the people in the growth of the organizational growth in the twins is to lie at the top of the rank as the increase in the number of cells with short neurites, and in terms of the size of the large number of cells in the short neurites

According to the width of the balls, the shape, the size and the density of rosetting, the bark should be spread over the areas of the field (Fig. 134). The area is undergoing development earlier and is characterized by more local signs, lower fields, which are seen as a result of the development, more shot structural differentiation.

Potilichna, skroneva and insular areas take off from the leading parts of the pivkul. tim'yanі, Upper і lower, і posterior central area enter to the warehouse of the temporary part. First, they cover one part of it and emerge from the posterior-central region with the posterior-central sulcus. Anterocentral and lobova area occupy the frontal part; Between them, there is a large minority of the upper and lower anterocentral furrows. 3 explanatory zvivinoy zbіgaєtsya limbichna region, Scho to enter the warehouse of the limbichnoy system.

Determination of cytoarchitectonic areas before the establishment of furrows and zvivins on the surface of the cells. The reason for the illumination of the borozen and zvivin polyag is in the uneven growth of the parts of measles, which is more difficult for itself for the history of the children and the winners on the surface of the wine, the depressions and the wine.

The growth of furrows and zivines on the surface of the pivkule, the broadening of the architectural structures, their common size, the form and peculiarities are not the same in people. At the last presentation of the bourgeoisie, there were visnovki about the change of one race over the other. Prior to the Radianskie's great material, it showed that there is an individual view of these types of borers and spines, in the rise, Budov and the magnitude of the architectural forms in the midst of the great

localization of functions... The bark of the great ages is the most highly organized material, with which it is tied nerves and regulation of the functions of all organs. І. P. Pavlov, having insisted on finding the smallest details of Budov and measles, it is early to know his explanation in the light of the reflex theory.

In case of vivification of measles like a bridge of folding analysis and synthesis of versatile subtleties, it is necessary to locate them in these functions. Already Galen knew that the functions of the organs were tied with the brain. For a hundred years, Gall had pointed out the staleness of the psychic activity from the measles of the great ages. Winn talking about the jingle between the character of the development of the singing boxes to the brain and the ringing shape of the skull. Yogo naїvni vyavlenі vyavlenіya bully with the first attempts to fix the function of organism to the structure of the brain.

Look at the names of the people who didn’t put the bark on the same structure and functionally for an hour. Vivchennya of measles architectonics widely flared up on the cob of the XX century. In the first robots, it is necessary to lay down Western European vcheny ( Brodman, Economo, Vogtі ін.), on the contrary to numerous glances, narrow-localized glances began to be carried out and tried to introduce localization functions to navigate to some architectural fields.

І only pratsyami І. P. Pavlova and the first school dynamic localization of functions... For the whole bark of the great brews, it is the supremacy of the cerebral kins of analysts. The skin peripheral receptor apparatus appears in the cortex, the yak is named I. P. Pavlovim the analyzer's nuclear zone.

Nuclear zone of the roc analyzer, Scho spriymaє subdivision of the proprioceptors of the slopes, skeletal cellsі tendon, rosette in the anterior-central and posterior-central regions, with the head in the fields 3 and 4, the upper projection of the fibers of the ventral nucleus of the golden hillock ends. In the field 4 from the giant pyramid cells of the V ball, first described by the Russian ancestor V.A. The fibers of the cich nobles end on the cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord and the cranial nerve nuclei.

Nuclear zone of the shk_rnogo analyzer, Tied with temperature, large and tactile sensitivity, occupies the posterior central region with the head rank (fields 3, 1, 2). The main mass of fibers that come from the ventral nucleus of the golden hillock ends in field 3.

In the middle of the brilliant ideas of the rook and school analysts, the design of the small parts of the house is even more natural. So, in the dilyanka of both central zivins and the paracentral lobes, which are spread close to the medial edge of the pivule, there are impulses from lower pictures; in the lower part of the zvivin - impulses from the tulub; in still more low - from the upper part, і, nareshty, in the very lower part of the central parts of the project, the mov, the larynx, the pharynx, the person are designed.

nuclear zone healthy analyzer to be located in the region (zero 17, 18, 19). The main mass of fibers of green radiance ends in field 17, on the walls and days of the spur furrow.

Nuclear zone of the auditory analyzer roztashovua in skronevіy area (fields 41, 42, 20, 21, 22). In the fields 41 and 42 of the upper limb of the ear, the majority of the fibers of the auditory radiance end.

Nuclear zone of the scent analyzer It is tied from the old and old bark of the scent tricot, the septum gap, the spike of the paragippocampal zivini, the hippocampus and the inn.

In addition to the nuclear zones, or "projection" areas of measles, the head of one of the same sensory or sensitive systems is shocked by the head from one sensory or sensitive system, inter-analytic, so called associative Areas that take impulses from sensor systems. They, for example, in the modern and frontal areas, see the overlap of the nuclear zones of the analyzers or the projections of the new sensory systems and the development of integrated functions.

Dilanki projection areas of measles, in which the head mass of hanging fibers of the analyzer ends (Fig. 135), it is seen central, abo pervinnі, fields... The stench is characterized by a specific budova. So, the bark of polіv 3, 17, 41 turns out to be a vinyatkovy bagatoklіtinnih, a great number of other granular clitins, we kindly blame IV with a ball. Set the winch to field 4, use a ruffled analyzer. Here, granular cells in the growth of people are rosy across the entire diameter of measles. It’s tied together, so that the field can serve as an ear of the pulling system and lower fibers of the pyramidal cortical-spinal and cortical-nuclear paths at once.

As soon as the mass of fibers hanging up to the projection area ends in the central field, then before peripheral, abo second, margins 1 і 2, 18 і 19, 22 і ін. Go less afferent fibers, down to the central, ale, edge afferent, go and fibers out of the central field. In the peripheral fields of granular cells, it is significantly less and there are more growths in the middle.

Descriptions of the structural and functional features of measles I. P. Pavlov pershiy signaling system action, Zagalnu at the people with the creatures.

In addition to the fields, kindly twisting in the bark of food, people have a number of phylogenetically young fields within the reach of forced development. The butt can be a field 40 of the lower parietal area, which borrows the supra-marginal zivina. Tied with him is the regulation of the vibrated life and the straightened up to the song of the ruchs. Enemies do not lead to the loss of building up to complex coordinated actions.

Localization of mobile functions... In the process of the historical development of human suspension in the bark of the great injections, the structural and functional specialties were realized in the brain, as they stand in the fallen state. labor activity and tied with her move.

These are the structures of measles to the brain of the people, as they are awakened to come to the new organs, to be brought before to a friend a signaling system... Tse fields 44 and 45, which occupy the pokrishkovy and trikutna part of the lower frontal part. In its own activity, the stink is tightly knitted with lower part anterocentral zivini, in the yak there are proprioceptive impulses from the muscles of the tongue, lips, cheek and larynx. Switching here to new neurons, the impulses along these outgrowths come up to fields 44 and 45. The rest will be described as speech analyzer... Tsya dilyanka of measles, banding with my sleep, rosetting, then, in front of that one of a roach analyzer (field 4), in which the paths end, which give impulses to the head. The part of zero 6 is tied in the back view of the middle frontal part and is tied with my letter and lies in front of that side of field 4, which receives the proprioceptive impulses from the hand. Spilna activity The number of nuclear zones is tied together with folding rokish acts, which are necessary in the letters of the move. Ushkojennya tsієї part of the field 6 to produce to the destruction of the thin ruffs of the hand, wobbling when the letters are imaged. Some measles dishes, especially tightly tied with prom, were formulated not far from the analyzer in hearing and hearing. In the field 39, we will embrace the coffin of the lower parietal area and we will clearly tie the analyzer from the nuclear zone, we will not be able to pick up the letter signs. When the fields are 39, the complexity of the folding of the words and phrases from letters is included. In the field 22, which was removed in the back of the upper limb, for the participation of fields 41 and 42 (the nuclear zone of the auditory analyzer), hearing movi. When ruinuvannі tsієї dіlyanka of the field 22, the power of the meaning of the word is absorbed.

Phylogenetically, the new measles species are especially closely related to the promiscuous ones, asymmetric and in right-handed people in the first place, in the left-handed ones - in the right-handed one.

In the given hour, it is shown that another drink doesn’t come up to the same func- tions (sprym іntonatsії voice і nadaє іntonatsіyny farbuvannya movi). The specialization of education is manifested, in addition, in the nature of the organization of memory and in the regulation of the social stanins.

The appearance of water among the people, the ruining of such waters to the vypadannya of the new functions, does not mean that the rest of the knitting only with the singing dylyankas of measles does not mean. Here, as in the case of localization in the first signaling system, the field may be less important. Mova is very localized and welcome to the participation of all measles. According to the new functions, the current functions can be moved to the measles area (reading of the slips, yogyu leaf from the armless, etc.).

Vіkovі zmіni measles... Stretching the development from five months of embryonic life to the mature surface of measles grows approximately 30 times. Near the region of measles before the population and the growth of the population is not the same, it is tied to their phylogenetic walks and functional features.

The sniff analyzer, tied mainly with a long-standing bark, in the new bark, earlier than those, comes close to the brain of the crustal cortex of the antler and school analyzer, as well as the lambic system. limbic system includes the lambic area of ​​measles, hipocampus, nipple-shaped thyla, anterior thalamic nuclei and in. Vona is of great importance in the secured folding complex of versatile emotional reactions. The limbic system is tied to interoreceptors and regulates the secretion of endocrine lobes and stimulates homeostasis in organisms. It is possible to differentiate between the cortex of the healthy and auditory analyzer and the associative upper parietal region, which is less sensitive to a delicate sensitiveness - the introduction of objects to the dot. With a whole stretch of all extrauterine development, the size of one of the older areas - the pillars - is likely to be post-mortem (12%). Significantly, the growth of such evolutive new, associative regions, such as Lobov and lower parietal, is tied with a decalcoma by analyzers. At the same time, at that hour, the area of ​​the newly-born forehead becomes 20.6-21.5% of the surface of the whole pivkule, for the mature won the loan is 23.5%. The lower parietal region borrows 6.5% of the surface of the entire pod in the newborn, and 7.7% of the older one. Phylogenetically, the most new associative fields 44 and 45, "specifically human" пізніх stage development, which is trivial and with seven rocks.

In the process of development, the width of measles increases by 2.5-3 times. Progressively grow і around її balls, especially ball III, і very intensively in the associative fields of measles. By extending the development, it is possible to increase the number of cells per unit area, i.e. The price is tied to significant growths and accelerated growths of nerve cells, especially dendrites, growing up to the growth of neuron bodies.

The development of measles areas is not very frequent in ontogeny. first in last month embryonic life to remove the myelinated fibers of the projection areas, in which they end up, or take an ear of crusty way. A number of nobles are mielinizated by the stretching of the first month of the people. First, on the other - the fourth months of life, the process of hunting for the most phylogenetically new areas, the development of which is especially characteristic for the infusion of the brain of people. Protein of the bark of the child's poultry is also signi fi cantly developed as an overgrown measles.

The great fungus in the stage of maturity of measles to the brain of a child in relation to the cerebral cortex of the new population is promoted in 14 days after the nationality.

Especially intensively the surface of the winter and the surrounding regions is growing in the first place. The price is tied with the shape of folding, straightforward diy, quick development of the move and the first signs of the formation of an abstract design. Farther away, there is a lack of insight into the measles of the great breweries and the change of some indicators especially rapidly appear in 4 rocks and 7 rocks, since the processes of mental performance become rich, versatile and foldable. Vіk 7 rockіv can be considered critical in the development of a child yak by morphological data, as well as physiological indicators.