Media on the surface of the right of the great brain

All parts of the pіvkulі, behind a vignette of the island, take part in the established medial surface.

Above the calluses, there is bearded corpus callosum, yaka іddіlyає yogo іnhіh wіddіlіv pіvkulі. Qia is boring, a roll of corpus callosum firing backward, heading to the bottom and forward, advancing at furrow.

furrow corpus callosum belted borozna i vkіntsі from the corpus callosum end yak sub-parietal beard.

Between the lumbar sulcus and sulcus of the corpus callosum to be zvivina. From the back and from the bottom of the corpus callosum the zvivina is sounded, sounding isthmus of the belt zivini. Yakiy pass into parahippocampal zivin.

Belt zivina, isthmus and parahippocampal zivina are called at once cryptinna zvivina.

On the medial surface of the pylitic part (tim'yano-potilichna boron) and (spur boron) get angry.

Dilyanka of the tricycle part, how to lie between the tim'yano-tilichnoy and spurred bears, for which the form of the tricycle is called wedge.

The lower surface of the pіvkulі

The relief is foldable.

front windows a series of surfaces approved frontal part pіvkulі, behind like whistupa side pole, and located lower surface edge and capillary lobes.

On the lower surface frontal part lateral i parallel to the late linegreat brain, to be nyukhova is boroznaya.

below lie down before her nyukhova cybulina і scent tract, moving back to scent trikutnik, in the area where one can see the media and lateral scent of the scent.

dilyanka frontal part mіzh later great brain i scent furrowed, Having given the name straight zivini.

Lateral scent furrow lobova part razdіlena not glibok ( orbital furrows) on a spike full-sized zvivins.

At the rear end the lower surface of the pivot roztashovannaya kubel borne on the lower surface of the capillary skrone part laterally from the parahippocampal zivini. forward from the front end to lie nasova borozna. I will round off from the lateral side of the vignutius kinets paragіppokampovoy zivini slack.

Lateral colateral furrows lie med_yna tilichno-skroneva zvivina. Mіzh cієyu zivinoyu and roztashovanoi named from her lateral pylichno-skronevoy zvivinoy to be Potilichno-skroneva beard.

Cordon mіzh lateral pylichno-skronevoy lower early zivins serve as the lower lateral edge of the great brain.

a number of viddiliv the brain, which has been transformed into the medial surface of the drink and the substrate for the formation of such conditions such as sleep, emotions, behavior motivation and vision by name limbic system.

Tsi reactions tied the first functions of scent (in phylogenesis)і іх morphological basis є forms, which develop from the lower lateral forms of the cerebral mechanics and to scent brain. limbichnu storage system for the nyukhov cybulin, the scent tract, the scent trikutnik, the anterior perforated speech, roasting on the lower surface of the frontal part (peripheral viddil scent brain), as well as girdle і paragіppocampal ( at once) zivini, zvivin's teeth hippokami(central viddil scent brain) and іnshі

All the stinks of the zagalnyi rice and budovi (and the appearance) may be mutually connected and the details of functional reactions.

Scent corn.

Phylogenetically tse found a part forebrain... Yogo approval can be divided into 2 parts:

1. Peripheral- nyukhova part, over how to rely on respect a number of statements, how to lie on the floor of the brain:

1. Bulbus olfactorius - scent cybulin.

2. Tractus olfactorius - scent tract.

3. Trigonum olfactorium - scent trikutnik.

4. Substantia perfopata anterior.

2. Central viddil- tse zivini the brain.

1) The leg of the sea horse is the hipocampus.

2) Zivin teeth.

3) The crypt is part of the zivin and the front part is a slider.

Bichni shlunochki.

Stink lie symmetrically from the middle line, like a surplus of cob scraps of both bulbs of the bone marrow.

Porozhnina shlunochkіv іdpovіdaє formі pіvkul. empty in the front part at the viglyad front horn, stretch through the time and end in your own early part. Here you have a decaying character and call yourself lower horn. Krym tsyogo, empty, yes vistup vkіntsі in the potilichnu part - rear rіg. stinks side slingshot fix the thalamus, basal nuclei, calluses til.

Basal nuclei.

Purchase of syroi speech in thalamus pivkul are called basal, central abo pidkirkovy nuclei. stink start then, for the stiffness I call pidkirkoyu. develop three purchased subcortical kernels:

1. Smugaste tilo - corpus striatum.

2. fence - claustrum.

3. Migdalepodibne tilo - corpus amygdalaideum.

1.Smugaste tilo, corpus striatum - to be stored from 2 x not entirely one to one parts:

1) caudate (nukleus caudatus);

2) lenticular nucleus (nukleus lentiformis).

1) Nukleus caudatus - caudate nucleus. Yogo front end- head to lie in the frontal lobe, reachable in front time of the part, but the tail is reach the migraine nucleus. In such a rank, the core is approved to the top of the top, from the bottom to the bottom.

2) N ukleus lentiformis is a common kernel. lag laterally from the caudate. Frontal and horizontal zrizah maє wedge shape. two thin bili plates go on 3 parts:

1. Lateral - putamen - shkaralupa.

2. Dvі іnshi - globus pallidus - blidiy kulu.

All at once - Nukleus caudatus i N ukleus lentiformis get together by name Striopallidal system. Qia system by function to rukhova, ekstrapiramidnoi. Krim tsyogo, won nudovana over the hypothalamus, engaging in vegetative functions.

2. To a friend cover the basal nuclei -claustrum - fence. Roztashovana laterally in viglyadі thin plate mіzh ostіvets і putamen (shkaralupoyu).

3. Migrantly similar core - roztashovane pid putamen in the most forward view of the lower part. Submitted before Extra systems.

Bila speech of the pivkul.

the whole space in the midst of cerebral measles and pediatric universities busy with speech. Tsia rechovina is composed of nerve fibers, establish the guides of the brain. Stink on three systems:

Associative.

Comisural.

Fiber projection.

1. Social fiber to knit between each other a variety of measles of the same drink.

2. Comisural- enter to the warehouse of cerebral commissures (spikes). stink create symmetrical parts of both games. The majestic part is carried to the corpus callosum.

3. Projected fiberthe cerebral cortex with the thalamus, razor-like body and lower levels of the diameter up to spinal cord inclusive.

Column of the brain.

The membranes of the brain become an anteriorly extended membrane to the spinal cord.

1. Solid moss shell It’s very easy to get into the eyes of the sprouts at the chilin, the protruding part of the brain. Pivkuli to the brain viddilya sickle great brain how to enter the pre-iron brain.

outline a cornmeal- vidokremlyu potilichnі parts of the moss.

The sickle of the corn is from the Kremlin.

In the midst of the growth of the shell split i I will apply the channels of the tricot form sine dura mater, scho є containers for venous blood. The main ones are:

1. Superior sagital sinus.

2. lower sagital sinus. Offense to pass by along the upper lower edges of the sickle of the great brain. There is an injury in the transverse sinus.

3. The transverse sinus of the mucus in the direction of the outline of the moss and through іpluvіdny The sinus appears in the area of ​​the jugular openings at the internal jugular vein.

2. Spider web. from myakoї surrounded by a subarachnoid space, in which to take revenge spinal cord ridina... Subarachnoid space of the large-scaled cistern.

3. Sudinna saber scintillatingly up to the brain, going into the mustache of the furrow and the line of its surface. In її tovschі there is a number of judgments for the brain. Penetrating in the singing songs in the empty shlunochki in the brain, I will Sudden gossip, produce spinal cord.

All parts of the pіvkulі, behind a vignette of the island, take their share from the formulated medial surface.

At the center of the medial surface on the sagittal growth, there is a callus, a corpus callosum, similar to a ribal cuff and from one side to the right or left of the great brain. It is built up from the offensive parts: the corpus callosum, rostrum corporis callosi, smoothly transition into the corpus callosum, genu corporis callosi, and the corpus callosi into the corpus, truncus corporis callosi. End the callus with a roll, splenum corporis callosi.

Above the corpuscular corpuscle, the most prominent one from the other forms of the pod, pass the corpus callosum, sulcus corporis callosi. The roll of the corpus callosum is curved backward, boring straight downward and forward and advancing into the furrow of the hipocampus, sulcus hippocampi. In the gibin furrow, the hipocampus must reach a thin gray colorah, broken by other transverse furrows into denticles - zivina teeth, gyrus dentatus. The rear end of the skin goes into a stringy zivina, gyrus fasciolaris, which is covered with a roll of corpus callosum.

The furrow of the corpus callosum is pebbled, sulcus cinguli. Tsya borozhena to repair in front and to the bottom of the corpus callosum, go up the hill, then turn back and then parallel to the corpus callosum, end up in the back from the back of the corpus callosum. On the іvnі ridge of the corpus callosum from the waist furrow up the hill, the edge part, pars marginalis, goes up and down to the upper edge of the great brain.

Between the furrow of the corpus callosum and the lumbar furrow there is the girdle of the zivina, gyrus cinguli, which should be repaired by the field, area subcallosa, and the callosity will appear from the front, from the top and from the back. Behind the podzolous field there is a parathermal zivina, gyrus paraterminalis, surrounded behind by a kintsevoy plate, lamina terminalis. From the back and to the bottom of the ridge of the corpus callosum, the zvivina is sounded, and the isthmus gyri cinguli, isthmus gyri cinguli. Distant to the bottom and in front of the isthmus to pass into a wider area of ​​the hipocampus, or the parahippocampal zivina, gyrus parahippocampalis, bordering the top and medially by the sulcus hipocampus. The zvivina zvivina with a podzolis field, the isthmus and the parahippocampal zivina, at once set up a single structure, which is called the crypt zvivina, gyrus fornicatus.

Dilyanka of the medial surface of the pivot, which is located between the lining furrow and upper edge of the pivot, the statements of the frontal and temporal parts. The paracentral lobule, lobulus paracentralis, grows between the upper and lower precentral furrow and the end of the lumbar furrow (її marginal part).

In front of the podzolous field, repair the medial of the lobova zivin, gyrus frontalis medialis. Vaughn reach for the paracentral part і є lower part upper frontal zivini.

Between the marginal part of the belt furrow in front and the temporal furrow furrow in the back, the dilyanka is crossed, so there is a period of time - the fore-wedge, precuneus. The lower boundary of the fore-wedge є the sub-parietal boron, which is visible from the rear end of the waist. The upper boundary of the fore-wedge is established by the upper edge of the wedge.

Back and from the bottom of the fore-wedge, the dilyanka of the tricot form, where to lay on the tilted lobes - the wedge, cuneus, the zonishnya of the surface of which shore is part of the established tilting pole. The posterior-lower cordon of the wedge is to serve as an arch of the spur borzoi, sulcus calcarinus. Vaughn, in its own circle, is flanked from above and medially by the zivin, gyrus lingualis, which extends from the pole to the lower part of the isthmus of the zivin. Bottom and laterally out of the linguistic zivini, the borodena kubel, sulcus collateralis, grows out, so that the lower surface of the pod is located.

The skin can have three surfaces: upper lateral, medial and lower, and three edges: upper, lower and medial, three points, or poles: anterior pole, polus frontalis, posterior, temporal occipital and an indication of the fossa, fossa lateralis cerebri (Sylvii).

Top pivkuli (raincoat), Approved by the equal ball of the syroe speech, 1.3-4.5 mm in size, to avenge the nerves of the clitini. A ball, titles also like the bark of the great brain, cortex cerebri, seem to be folded at the folds, for which the top of the cloak can be superficially foldable, to be folded to be held between oneself in the small strands of the furrows and the rollers in the rings, rings. The size and shape of the furrows are strong to significant individual numbers, as well as not only the brains of young people, but only one and the same individuals are not very similar to the small ones.

Gliboky postinny boroznimy koristyutsya for a subcutaneous injection on a large dilyanka, which are called small parts, lobi; the rest in their own heart is added to the slices and zivini. The lobes of the skin are five: lobov (lobus frontalis), tim'yana (lobus parietalis), skronev (lobus temporalis), potilichna (lobus occipitalis) and a small part, nailed to the bottom of the biches (sylvian) furrow, so the names of the sharp (insula) ...

Upper-lateral to the surface of the pivcule divided into parts behind the additional three furrows (Fig. 289): the lateral, central and upper end of the temporal furrow, the yak, perebryuyu on the medial side of the pus, fixing a notch on the upper edge.

Lateral boron, sulcus cerebri lateralis(Sylvii), repair on the basal surface of the drink with Sylvia's pits and then go to upper lateral surface, Straight back and trochi uphill. It will end approximately at the boundary between the middle and rear third of the upper lateral surface of the pivucleus. At the front lateral furrow from it there are two small heads: one, ramus ascendens, and іnsha, ramus anterior, which is straight into the frontal part.

Central, abo rolandova, borozna, sulcus centralis(Rolandi), repair at the top edge of the pivot, a bit backwards towards the middle, and go forward and down. The lower edge of the central furrow does not reach the lateral furrow. Dilyanka pivkuli, which is located in front of the central furrow, is carried to the frontal lobe; a part of the cerebral surface, where to lie behind the central furrow, to become a temporal part, as behind the additional rear part of the lateral furrow, it is interconnected to lie at the lower edge of the furrow. back cordon to serve the end of the well-known time-to-side furrow, sulcus parietooccipitalis, on the medial surface of the pod, ale tsya border is not correct, it is called the boron not to go far to the upper lateral surface, in the middle The rest of it is also not easy to see, as I saw it along the way of the recumbent part of the country. Every now and then, the boundaries between differently guessed parts are carried out piece by piece behind an additional line, which goes from the current-polyline furrow to the lower edge of the pivkule.

The skin part is stored alongside a number of zivins, which are called small pieces, which are surrounded by boron cerebral surfaces.

Lobova part. At the posterior end of the last surface of the part, the sulcus precentralis pass through in parallel right up to the sulcus centralis. There are two furrows in the lateral direction: sulcus frontalis superior et sulcus frontalis inferior. The staff of the lobova part will be divided into chotiri zivini - one vertical and three horizontal. Vertical zivina, gyrus precentralis, is found between sulcus centralis and sulcus precentralis.

Horizontal sections of the frontal part of the attack: 1) upper lobov, gyrus frontalis superior, yak yde vische sulcus frontalis superior, parallel to the upper edge of the pivucleus, protruding onto the medial surface; 2) the middle of the lobovy zivin, gyrus frontalis medius, stretch between the upper and lower frontal beardі 3) the lower lobovy zivina, gyrus frontalis inferior, is located between the sulcus frontalis inferior and the lateral furrow. Lateral grooves, which enter the lower forehead sulcus, divide the rest into three parts: pars opercularis, which lies between the lower end sulcus precentralis and ramus ascendens sulci lateralis, pars triangularis, which are known to be bordered , scho take revenge in front of the ramus anterior sulci lateralis.

Tim'yan part. On them, sulcus postcentralis grows approximately parallel to the central borealis, so that it becomes angry with sulcus intraparietalis, going in a horizontal straight line. Falling from the growth of cich borozenes, the part of the land is divided into three sections, of which one is vertical, and the other two are horizontal. Vertical zivina, gyrus postcentralis, next to the sulcus centralis in one direction from the gyrus precentralis, vidokremlen from her central furrow... The food of sulcus intraparietalis is located on the upper part of the zivin, or a small part, lobulus parietalis superior, which expands to the medial surface of the egg. Below the sulcus intraparietalis lie lobulus parietalis inferior, yak, straight backward, at the end of the lateral furrow and sulcus temporalis superior, and is included in the area of ​​the capillary part. Part of the lobulus parietalis inferior, ogina lateral groove, called gyrus supramarginalis, іnsha chastina, yaka ogina sulcus temporalis superior, I will call it gyrus angularis.

Skroneva part. Lateral to the surface of the central part there are three late zivines, as one emerges from one sulcus temporalis superior and sulcus temporalis inferior. The upper zvivin, gyrus temporalis superior, is located between the lateral furrow and sulcus temporalis superior. The upper surface is numbered in the lateral groove, bearing 2-3 short izvilinki, called gyri lemporales transversi (zivini Geshlya). Mіzh upper and lower skinny bearded prostrate gyrus temporalis medius. The lower end, seen from the sulcus temporalis inferior, pass the gyrus temporalis inferior, the yak behind the other lower edge is lifted towards the recumbent on the lower surface of the gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis.

A small part of the city. Furrows of the lateral surface of the part of the area are small and non-persistent. They can be seen transversely sulcus occipitalis transversus, which is sluggishly behind the condom of sulcus in-traparietalis.

Ostrіvets, insula. Schob pach a small part, require rosunuti or see the edge of the lateral furrow hanging over it. Tsi lands, put to the front, time and early part, To be called pokrishki, operculum. Ostrіvets has the shape of a tricycle, the top of which is turned forward and down. From the front, from the top and from the back, the sharks come in between the parts adjacent to them behind an additional wide furrow, sulcus circularis. The surface of the island is covered with short spikes.

The lower surface of the pіvkulі in this part, as to lie in front of the sylvian pits, be carried to the frontal lobe. Here, parallel to the medial edge of the pivkule, pass sulcus olfactorius, in which lie bulbus et tractus olfactorius. In the middle of the furrow and the medial edge of the tree, there is a straight line of gyrus rectus, which is an extended upper frontal part. Laterally from sulcus olfactorius on the lower surface there is a splinter of non-pernicious furrows, sulci orbitales, which surround gyri orbitales, which can be seen as an extended middle and lower frontal zivin... The back section of the basal surface of the statement is the lower surface of the front and bottom lobes, since there are no significant differences here. Two furrows can be seen on the tsiy dilyantsi: sulcus occipitotemporalis, which runs straight from the cavernous pole to the temporal pole, and between the gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis, and in parallel with the sulcus collateralis (advanced її rhinalis sulcus). Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis grows between them. Medially from the sulcus collateralis, the two sections are folded: between the back side of the furrow and sulcus calcarinus, lie the gyrus lingualis; between the anterior side of the furrow and sulcus rhinalis from one side and glib sulcus hippocampi; Tsia zvivina, which has connected the brain to the stovbur, is located right on the medial surface of the pivot.

media surface pіvkulі... On the surface there is a bearded corpus callosum, sulcus corporis callosi, which is right above and above the corpus callosum and with its own back end in the glibok of sulcus hippocampi, which is straight forward and downward. In parallel, the path of the furrow passes along the medial surface of the tree sulcus cinguli, as it repairs before the corpus callosum, then backwards and ends with its rear end on the upper edge of the tree. The space is wide enough to grow between the edges of the drink and sulcus cinguli, extending to the frontal lobe, to the upper frontal part. A small dilenka above the sulcus cinguli, surrounded by the back end of the sulcus cinguli, and in front of the small borozenka, sulcus paracentrdlis, is called the center-centered part, lobulus paracentralis, as it is on top of the medical central zivins, Scho go over here one to one.

Behind the lobulus paracentralis there is a chotiricut surface (the so-called pre-wedge, precuneus), surrounded in front by the sulcus cinguli, below the small sulcus subparietalis, and behind the glibocy sulcus parietooccipitalis. Precuneus is referred to as the time of day. Behind the precuneus, there is a sharp incidence of measles, which is carried up to the capillary lobes, a wedge, cuneus, which is adjacent to sulcus parietooccipitalis in front, and sulcus calcarinus behind, but to converge before the cut. To the bottom and to the back, the wedge sticks out of the gyrus lingualis. Mіzh sulcus cinguli and a corpus callosum borealis, gyrus cinguli, yak behind the isthmus, isthmus, trivia in gyrus parahippocampalis, which ends with a whip, uncus. Paragippocampus zivin is intertwined on one side by sulcus hippocampi, scooped into the brain, and from the other - sulcus collateralis і її in advance, which is called sulcus rhinalis. fsthmus-sounds at the place of transition of the belt zivini to the parahippocampus, it is located behind the sp lenium corporis callosi, at the end of the furrow, which was established as a zlittya sulcus parietooccipitalis from sulcus calcarinus. Gyrus cinguli, isthmus and gyrus parahippocampalis at once set up a crypt, often a zivin, gyrus fornicatus, I describe it as if it were just below and in front. The crypt is often not worn down to one part of the cloak.

The edge of the sulcus hippocampi can be sucked in, it is possible to bach the serrations of the sir smuzhku, which is a rudimentary zivina gyrus deniatus.

Budova cerebral measles. The bark of the great brain in its main type is folded into six balls, so that it can be developed between itself by the head rank behind the form to enter before them nerve cells(Fig. 290):

1) the molecular ball should lie without the middle before the pia mater and to take the root of the growths of the nerve cells, so that it is intertwined with a net-like; 2) a callous granular ball, which is called so, that in its warehouse there are numerically small cells, similar to grains; 3) the ball of pіramіd is stored in small and middle pіramіdal nerve cells; 4) the inner granular ball is folded, so it is itself and the same ball, from small cells - grains; 5) the ganglion ball to take revenge on the great pіramіdalnі clіtini (clіtini Betz); 6) a ball of polymorphic cells between the white speech. 3 qix 6 balls of the bottom (5th and 6th) zokrema, the 5th ball is stored from Betz's pyramid cells, axons which form the pyramidal system. The middle verses (3rd and 4th) are tied mainly to the affiliated routes, and the upper (1st and 2nd) are related to the associative routes of measles. The six-ball type of measles is seen in the rural areas, both in the sense of the region and the growth of balls, as well as in the storehouse of cells (for a report, go to the course of histology).

Furrows and lesions of the medial surface of the wine. Bearded corpus callosum, sulcus corporis callosi.

Media on the surface of the pvkul. On the surface to be bearded corpus callosum, sulcus corporis callosi, Scho go beside the middle over the calluses til and trivial with your back end in the gliboku sulcus hippocampi, Yaka is straight forward and downward. Parallel to the path of the furrow, pass along the medial surface of the groove sulcus cinguli, Yaka, fix it in front of the corpus callosum, then go backwards and finish with your back end on the upper edge of the pivot.

Space, scho roztashovane mіzh cim kraєm pіvkulі i sulcus cinguli, Up to the frontal lobe, up to the upper frontal part. A small dilyanka above sulcus cinguli, The sulcus cinguli is encircled behind the back end, and the little borozenka in front, sulcus paracentralis, be called paracentral, lobulus paracentralis So, as it is, the medial surfaces of the upper ends of both central parts are displayed, as they go here one into one.

backwards lobulus paracentralis to be located chotirikut on the surface (so called pre-wedge, precuneus), Interlaced in front of the end sulcus cinguli, Below is small sulcus subparietalis, And behind the glibo sulcus parietoocipitalis.

Precuneus to be accepted until the time of day. Behind the precuneus, lie a little for a dilenka measles, so that it can be carried to the tilted valley, - wedge, cuneus, Like a lump in front sulcus parietooccipitalis, And behind sulcus calcarinus, Scho converge alongside. To the bottom and to the back of the wedge stick to gyrus lingualis... mіzh sulcus cinguli and the furrowed corpus callosum zivina, gyrus cinguli, Yaka at the middle isthmus, isthmus, Trivaє in gyrus parahippocampalis, come to an end lug, uncus... Parahippocampal zivina is interconnected on one side sulcus hippocampi, Scho obginaє stovbur to the brain, and from іnshogo - sulcus collateralisі її to advancements in advance, how to bear the name sulcus rhinalis.

Isthmus- there is a sound of the transition from the belt zivini to the paragip-pocampal one, to be behind splenium corporis callosi, At the end of the furrow sulcus parietooccipitalis s sulcus calcarinus. Gyrus cinguli,isthmus and gyrus parahippocampalis at once crypt for zivin, gyrus fornicatus, Yaka will describe the top of the bottom, only from the bottom and from the front. The crypt is often not worn down to one part of the cloak. It is carried out to the limb region.

Limbichna region (regio limbica)- a part of the new measles injections of the great brain, which borrows an explanatory and parahippocampal zivini; enter the warehouse of the lim-bicheskim system. rozsuvayuchi edge sulcus hippocampi, You can bachiti vuz'ka serrations sir smuzhku, which is a rudimentary zvivina gyrus dentatus.

6 - malium is born;

7 - front surface;

8 - tilo stegnova brush;

9, 11 - medial and lateral

overgrowths;

10 - paginated to the surface;

B- rear view: 1 - shyka;

2 - head; 3 - trochanteric fossa;

4 - great spit;

5 - intertrochanteric comb;

6 - third twist; 7 - malium is born;

8 - sidnichny tuberosity;

9-comb line;

10 - rough line;

11,12 - lateral and medial lip;

13 pedestrian surface;

14 - interminocular fossa;

15.16 - lateral and medial virost.

SKELETON VILNOЇ BOTTOM KINTSIVKI

STEGNOVA KISTKA- the best and most common tubular brushes (Fig. 15). Vona maє one or two kintsi: on the upper (proximal) end head stegnova tassels for z'єdnannya from the pelvic brush. The slope on the top is straightened medially and uphill. In the middle of the head there is fossa of the head of the stegnum brush, quick attachment of the call to the head of the brush. shyka the stegovy brush has a single head with a frame with a kuta at 130 °. On the cordon shiyki and tila є two tilted hillocks, called skewers. great twist of seams in the mountains and laterally. On your media surface є trochanteric fossa. Maliy twisting, located at the lower edge of the shyka, medially and backward. In front of the offense spit z'adnu intertrochanteric line, behind - intertrochanteric comb.

Tilo stegnova brush cylindrical shape, curved forward, curved forward, smooth, on the posterior surface є shorstka line, yak last for medial and lateral lip. In the middle of the brush, they lie down one to one, and the stench goes right down to the bottom. Burn down the stench and go to the great and small devil. The lateral lip significantly expands and pushes, turning into sidnichny tuberosity, the place of attachment of the great sidnichnogo meat. Inodi tsyu tuberosity looking out yak third born. Medіyna lip trivaє in shorstku comb line. At the lower end of the brush of the offense of the lips, one kind of one is visible, intertwining the knitted form on the surface.

The distal end of the stegovy brush of extensions and fixing two great rounded virostas, which extend beyond the magnitude and step of the curvature of the sloped surfaces. medial mystic more nizh lateral. The offense of the virostka goes one way out of one from the back side of the glibok interminocular fossa. On: the statutory surface of the medial virost is located medial nadischelok. On the lateral sides of the lateral projection of є smaller sizes lateral supramammary. In front of the slopes of the surface of the virost, I turn one into one, patellar surface, until the pads lie down.

podkolinka is a great sesamoid cistka, laid in the tendons of the chotirigolum quilted. Nadkolinok flattened in the anterior-posterior region. see the foundation, do not burn and turn down top podkolinka. Suglobovtop to connect from the patellar surface of the stegnum brush, front surface Shorstka and it is easy to feel through the skirting.

KISTKI GOMILKI represented by two tassels: medially great city i located laterally a little homogeneous cyst (Fig. 16). The offense should lie down to the full tubular cysts; in the skin I see only two kints. Кінці гісток і і і і bear on their surfaces for the s stegovaya kistkoyu in the mountains and with the cuffs of the foot at the bottom. Between the cuts there are interosseous space of homilka.

Great homily kistka.

By the end of her life, I borrowed another place in the skeleton of people and the most beautiful woman. Proximal end of promises i maє medial and lateral virost. Upper suglobova surface Membership from the stegnova cyst virostk. Slopes on the surface of the virost in the image intermiscle pidnesennya, how to store in two humps - medial and lateral interminocular hump. In front of the inter-slotal space roztashovane anterior interminocular field, but behind - the posterior interminocular field. Below the lateral virost and the spine are located posteriorly peroneal slope surface, for a member of a small town. Tilo of the great city triggered ... front edge best gostry, feel through the shkira, in the mountains to push and approve humpback of the great small town, to which to attach the four-headed m'yaz is stegna. lateral margin Gostry and atrocities at the small small hand, I can also name it mіzhkіstkovoj region. medial edge a number of roundings. Three surfaces are visible in the handles: medial surface- smooth, to lie beside the front under the shkіroyu; lateral to the surface і posterior surface cover with meats. Shorstka is visible on the back surface line of soleus ointment, where from the posterior edge of the lateral vyrostok downwards and medially. There are great openings at the bottom of the line.

The distal tip is widened and has a large shape. The lateral edge is located fibula for z'єdnannya with a small business. From the medial side and from the bottom to go medical brush. There is not much behind her kistochkova borozna to pass here the back of the great mantle. On the lateral side of the medial brush is located suglobova surface of the brush, yaka go kutom go to lower slope surface the great cottage. At the same time, the surface of the low-slung surface of the small-sized brush is obtained from the ramming brush in front of the forest (foot).

Small. 16 Velikogomilkova list (A) i

fibular brush (B), right,

front view.

A: 1 - lateral mycelium; 2 medial mychel;

3 - tubercle of the Great City;

4 - mіzhkіstkovy edge; 5 - media surface;

6 - front edge; 7 - lateral to the surface;

8 - medial brush;

B: 9 - lateral cyst; 10 - mіzhkіstkovy edge

small business; 11 - lateral to the surface;

12 - front edge; 13 - head of a small-sized brush;

14 - top of the head; 15 - only small small brush.

MALOGOMILKOVA KISTKA Significantly thinner and smarter than the same kind of genie with the great city. To be located at the proximal end the head of a small-sized brush. To see it right up the hill top of the head of a small-sized brush, and from the medial side - swollen surface of the head of the small-silky brush for a member of the great city. To the bottom of the head is sounding and for help shyki small-scale quotas go to tilo.

tilo small triangular cysts, at the upper part of the trochus, there are distortions in the medial direction. Have tili rozr_znyayut front edge, back edge and medial mid-side edge. Three surfaces are surrounded by edges: lateral, posterior and medial surface.

The lower end of the list of promises and approval lateral bristle, yak who brought medial. On the medial surface of the ankle, you can see a smooth, crooked ankle for z'єdnannya from the ramming key. Behind the sloping surface is fossa of the lateral ankle, until they adhere to the tendons of the small lumps.

FOOT BRUSHES can be divided into three sections: brush In front of forest, mold brush and finger brush (phalanx)(Fig. 17).

kistki in front of the mold turn on the сім spongy cysts, Roztashovanih in two rows. The proximal (back) row of warehouses is large - ram and p'yatkova; distal row of five cysts.

Battering ram maє til, head and neck. Tilo kistki represent the best part. Upper її part є ramming unit three with angled surfaces. Top surface Member of the lower slope surface of the great milkovo kistka. Two are the surfaces that lie on the sides of the block: media and lateral cyst surface, get from the sloped surfaces of the ankles of the homilka whiskers. Lateral to the kistochkova surface is significantly greater than the medial and reach lateral outgrowth of the talus cyst.

Behind the block go tila posterior outgrowth of the ram. Tsei grows to last furrowed tendon of the great toe on the medial and lateral humps. On the lower boat there are three slopes of the surface for connecting from the brush: front, middle and back spurs with slopes of the surface. Between middle and rear boring ramming brush. head the handles are straight uphill and medially. To serve as a member, it is rounded off scaphoid crooked surface.

p'yatkova kistka the best shoe of the foot. To grow out of the way of the ramming brush and start up from the bottom of it. Behind tilo p'yatkovoi kistka maє nahileniya to the bottom of the hump of the p'yatkova brush. Three surfaces are visible on the top side of the floor: front, middle and rear ramps of the surface. The surfaces of the ram brush are shaped like p'yatkovy sloped surfaces. Between the middle and the back can be seen boron p'yatkovoi brush, at once from the furrow ramming brush to set bosom in front of the forest, the entrance to the yak is located from the lateral side on the til surface. From the medial side to the front-upper edge of the basket, enter a short and tovsty spur - ram support. On the lateral surface of the p'yatkovy cyst pass the tendon is bordered by the small-sized mucous membrane. On the distal (anterior) end for the connection with a cuboid cyst є cuboid sloped surface.

Small. 17 Foot shoes, right

(The surface is tilny).

1 - p'yatkov kistka; 2 - battering ram;

3 - ram brush block; 4 - scaphoid

kistka; 5 - cuboid brush;

6,7,8-lateral, med_ine,

wedge-shaped brush;

9 - at the front of the haposenecyte;

10 - tilo mold brush;

11, 12, 13 - proximal, middle,

distal phalanx; 14 - head

molds; 15-basephalangi;

16 - proximal phalanx of the great

finger; 17 - tilo phalanx; 18-head

phalanges; 19- distal phalanx of the great toe.

Chovnopodibna Kistka It is carried out medially, between ramming cysts and three wedge-like cysts. The proximal curved surface of the curtain is located behind the head of the collision cyst. The distal surface is made up of three slopes of the majdan for the preparation of wedge-like cysts. At the medial edge it is tuberosity of the chauffeur-like brush- the place of attachment of the rear great m'yazi. On the lateral sides, it can be unstable for the surface to be connected with a cube-shaped brush.

wedge-shaped brushes to be located in front of the individual and to be stitched in the medial part of the foot. Naybilsha from them tse media wedge-like cistka, to be members of the 1st mold cistka; promіzhna wedge-like cistern - from the II mold cistka; lateral wedge-like cistka - from the III mold cistka. Cubopodibna kistka It is located on the lateral side between the p'yatkovo and two remaining moldy cysts. In people, there is a small number of cychs of the surface. On the medial side of the cuboid brush, a suglobova maidanchik is roasted for wedge-like cyst, And a spag on the back - for a member with a channeled brush. On the bottom (bottom) surface є tuberosity of a cuboid cyst, before which pass boring tendon of a little-homylous mucosa.

molds- represented by five short tubular beads. Nykorotsha and tovsta - I metatarsal cyst, found - P. They see tilo, head and editors. Tila may have a prismatic shape with a lump, turned to the til side. Provide for protection with sloped surfaces for cleaning with brushes in front of the mold. The head of the 1st mold brush is divided into two maidan chicks, up to which below the sesamovy brush lie down. From the standpoint of the chain of clinics, the joint was set up with a medial wedge-like cyst, the second and third copies - with the industrial and lateral wedge-like cysts, and IU and U - with the cube-like cyst. At the Plesnova Kistka є tuberosity near the mold for attachment of a short small-sized mouthpiece.

KISTKI PALDEV feet are seen from the paintbrushes of their own sizes: the stench is significantly shorter. At the toes є proximal, middle and distal phalanx. make a vignette thumb, The skeleton of which folds from the proximal and distal phalanx. develop til, head and head of the phalanx. Tyla of the proximal and middle phalanges drooped to the til side. The proximal cutaneous phalanx has a flattened fossa to illuminate the slope with the head of the mold brush. Cutaneous distal phalanx end hump.

The trays in front of the forest and the mold should not lie in the same area, the trays in the medial edge. With such an interposition of the brushes, the crypt of the foot is formed, which will secure the spring support for the lower end. The stars of the foot make the droopiness of the beast burn. In fact, the foot spirals to the ground only at the decilkoh points: at the back - the tubercle of the p'yatkovy brush, in front - the heads of the mold bristles, above all II and Y. The phalanges are only slightly poked by the earth (Table 12).

SCULL

The head is only partly carried to the rukhovoy apparatus. The skeleton of the її - skull - is stored in two forms: the cranks of the skull and the cisterns of the face.

Function of the skull:

Serve as a shelter for the most developed part of the nervous system - the brain and the connected with the remaining organs of the senses;

I will refine the cob part of the herbal and dical tracts, which can be called;

Serve as a support for minutiae.

The human skull is stored in 23 kistok; of them 8 guys - juicy and tim'yana kistki, upper slot, Lower nasal concha, lower nasal knuckle, wedge knuckle, nasal knuckle, slack knuckle and 7 unpaired - knockout knuckle, front knob, wedge-like knuckle, wedge-like knuckle, sieve knuckle, lemish, lower knuckle Kissts of both are made from one side of the body, unerringly behind the help of seams and cartilaginous seams, behind a vignette of the lower slit.

When the skull of an animal is implanted, I respect the foldable relief of the inner and outer surfaces of the brain, the organs of the senses, and the nerves in the number of vessels for the most obvious pathways.

All the bones of the skull, behind the vignette of the lower slit, are unkempt and mildly connected one by one behind the other tooth-shaped, flat, flaky sutures in the area of ​​the crypt of the skull and in a special type of skull, as well as the last ones.

When looking at the skull from above - vertical norm, you can see the stars, for the dah of the skull, below - basilar norm- call to the front of the skull, in front - Lyce's norm, for a face-to-face viddil, behind - Potilyna part cerebral viddle of the skull and from the sides - lateral norm, a number of zagliblen (pits), surrounded by small cysts.

The upper part of the skull, in conjunction with its shape, is called the crypt or the skull.

Skull stars of the statements of the frontal lusky, dark cysts, the lustrous and luscious parts of the skinny cysts, the lateral views of the great krill wedge-like cysts.

On the first surface of the crypt of the skull in the middle of the line of embossing sagital seam, of the statements of the sagittal regions of the times of the city. Pass perpendicular to the yom on the frontal cord screw suture. Mіzh tіm'yanimі kіstki and tіlіchnoі lusky to be found lambda suture. On the natural surface of the crypt of the skull from the dermal flank of the luskat, a part of the skin of the skin with a flaky seam. The lateral part of the great krill wedge-like brush with suspicious wedges (skrone, tim'yanoy, frontal) toothed seam.

At the front view of the crypt of the skull, there is a swollen part - the forehead, of the forehead lusky, in the middle there is a small maidan - the glabelli (supra-nose).

On the inner (cerebral) surface of the crypt of the skull, one can see shvi(Sagittal, vineyard, lambda, scaly), finger-like depression- vidbitki zvivin the great brain, vuzki and gliboki arterial and venous furrows - the mice of arterial and venous adhesion. Close the sagital suture dimples granulation, confirmed vipinannyam of the pavutinous membrane of the brain (Table 13).

Cranial shape of the skull

POLITICAL KISTKA enter the warehouse of the back and bottom of the cranial box, take care of the fate one hour in the built up and downstream of the cerebral skull (Fig. 18). At the top of the line you can see a number of parts: in front - the main one basilar part, on the sides - bichni abo lateral partsі behind - potilichna luska. The lusca of the tilted brush looks like a plate, a lumpy call and a bend in the middle. The name of the reference to the attachments of the links and the links. The center of the new surface is located zovnishn_y pylichny hillock, until the wicked sound is attached. To the right and to the left, from the dark forest, pass the shorstka along the surface of the brush upper shiina line, m_sce attachment of trapezoidal connection. Trochi vische to be seen mensh pomitna find a viynaya line. From the pylichny hillock down to the great pylichny opening, pass an inexpensive zovnishn_y potilichny comb. From the middle of the ridge to the side and from lower viynaya line. Relief of the inner surface of the shape of the brain and the attachment of its shells, as well as the surface of the surface to be distributed behind the aid of two alternating ridges with a straight cut of combs into 4 holes. Offense tsi comb make up chrestopodibne pidnesennya, and at the moment the crossed-overs are seen internal cavernous hillock. The upper half of the comb is maє furrow of the superior sagital sinus, but offended half of the transverse ridge may be sulcus of the transverse sinus(Follow the adherence of one venous sinuses). To the edges of the furrows and to the inner capillary ridge, a firm cerebral sheath is attached and covered with venous sinuses; in the area of ​​cross-like adjustment there is a place of evil sinuses.

Small. 18 potilychna k_stka, type of call.

1 - zvn_shn_y potilichny vistup; 2-latest;

3 - upper shiyni lines; 4 - lower line lines; 5 - mishcheyakovy canal;

6 - pillary mycelle; 7 - internal harness; 8 - basilar part;

9 - pharyngeal hump; 10 - yaremna virizka; 11 - zovnіshnіy potilichny comb;

12 - target pit; 13 - jugular outgrowth; 14 - periophageal outgrowth.

The skin from the side or lateral parts takes care of the part in the bottom of the skull with the ridge and on the outer lower surface, not the paired oval tilting virostki, lie on the edges open the great potilichny, mіsce z'єdnannya z Atlantі. Approximately here, in the middle of the virost, there is a cross channel of the pid'yazic nerve. Root behind the skin Myseloid fossa. at the bottom of which there is an opening of the viral canal. From the sides of the virost are visible jugular growths, how to intervene yaremna virizka and at the same time, with one virizkoy skronevoy brush to flank jugular opening

The main abo basilar part is directed forward and uphill, on the whole skull it is located behind the wedge-like brush. The opening of the great grand opening is wide and thin, in front of you it sounded and protested. On the first lower surface there is pharyngeal hump, until the back of the pharynx is attached. The surface of the basilar part is twisted to the brain, and at the same time, from the corners of the wedge-like brush, I will open the maidan into the side of the Great Potilichny - stingray, on which there is a dovgastia brain (Table 14).

wedge-like brush- unpaired, fixing the central shape of the base of the skull (Fig. 19). I can fold Budova and nagaduє it is possible to fly a coma (blizzard), which is why I will name її parts (krill and crylopodіbnі growths). They have a number of parts: tilo, great krila. small krill and krilopodin growths. The middle part of the wedge-like brush is a thin, cubic shape with a large surface. On the upper surface, brutalized into the empty skull, є along the middle line of death - turkish saddle, in the center of what you see pituitary fossa, mіsce roztashuvannya zolozi internal secrets - hipophiza. From the size of the pits, lay the size of the fossa. Cordon Turkish saddle in front є hump of Turkish saddle, and behind - back saddle. The seat backrests are visible forward at the viewer posterior wedge-shaped outgrowths. On the front surface of the floor, you can see the Greco-5en, which at the bottom goes into the gostry vertical vistup - keel. In the middle of the wedge-like brush, from the sides of the ridge, you can see the wrong form of the opening, which leads into the airway, as it comes out of the empty nose. Vona is divided by a partition into two halves.

Small. 19 Wedge-shaped brush.

1 - wedge-like brush; 2 back heels; 3 - seat back;

4 - small krill; 5 - healthy channel; 6 - anterior heaving of the growth;

7 - upper orbital cleft; 8 - sleepy beard; 9 - boron ear trumpet;

10 - wedge-shaped tongue; 11 - round hole; 12 - great krill;

13 - lateral part of the crylo-like outgrowth;

14 - the medial part of the cryopodic outgrowth.

From the front upper surface of the basket to the side and enter two malich krila. Tse flat tricut form of the plate. At the place of the skin they are openings for the viewers in the channel. Mali krila mayut upper surface, turned into empty skulls, i lower, I was straightened into the empty space and locked from the top the upper full-time shchіlinu. The front edge of the small krill, lusts and notches, close the frontal part of the frontal brush. The back edge of the malikh krill vilny and on the medial end are anterior wedge-shaped outgrowths, zumovleni attached to the dura mater.

Great krila go out from the living surfaces of the wedge-like brush and go nominally. There is a large crust of the machotir of the surface (mozkov, orbital, skronev, maxillary) and three edges.

Upper mozkov surface dodged, turned into an empty skull. On them, finger-like indentations and arterial furrows are seen - the bumps of the relief adjacent to the surface of the brain. At the front of the krill є three post-open openings: to the middle and to the front to open round hole(Through the new one to enter the upper slit nerve); name and entry from ny - oval openings(Wono skipping the inferior slotted nerve); name and type of oval - spines of openings(The middle meningeal artery, vein and nerve pass through it).

cryopod_bn_addresses- go out from the day of the great krill through the wedge-like brush vertically downward. The stench is set with two plates - lateral and medial. At the base of the skin outgrowth from the front to the back. crylopod_bny channel. Between them there is a hole, which goes below into a crylopodibnu virizka. She has to enter the pedigree sprout of the pediatric register. The media plate at the bottom is bent with a hitch, until the tendon is attached to one of the joints of the soft baby.

tim'yanoi kistki- guy, I'll fix the middle part to the star of the skull. Pokrivna kistka, visonu role for the zahist. I can see a chotiricut plate, a lumpy call and a bend from the middle. See chotiri edge: front- for making a frontal copy; back- for z'єdnannya z tilichnoї; upper - for the creation of another kind of copy; lower- for making a day with a thin skrovoy brush. The first three edges of the jagged edges and fit the knotted seams according to the type of toothed seams, post-retained attachments for illuminating the flaky seam. At the tim'yanaya kistka I see 4 kutas: anteroposterior z'єnutsya behind the frontal brush; anterior lower with a wedge-like brush; rear-upper z pylichnoy cistkoy; rear-lower from the side of the nipple-like outgrowth of the early brush. The name of the relay of the list of references to attachments to languages ​​and fascias. At the center of її vistupa tim'yanoi hillock. Bottom yo go bogged down skronevі lines. I will close the upper edge є openings for the artery. The inner surface of the backbone of the adjacent dura mater: the point of attachment to the bristle can be seen to pass through the upper edge sagital furrows, and in the area of ​​the rear lower kuta - cross furrow- a slid of the venous sinus. The judges of the yak bi shellfish were carboused in the wiggles on the entire inner surface of the furrows (Table 15).

gratuitous tastes- unpaired, looking out in the cerebral skull, with a larger part of it, take care of the fate in the established facial skull. Roztashovuyutsya centrally between the bites of the individual, to cling to more of them, take part in the established emptying of the nose, and on the whole skull is closed by them. Inspired by the thin cyst plates, so that you can feel the empty empty spaces, so it is easy and screaming.

Kistkovі plates of a grateful brush roztasvanі at the viglyadі letter "T", at the vertical risk to become perpendicular to the plate, and horizontally - sieve plate. On the sides of the perpendicular plate, from the grated plate, hang gratuitous labyrinths. You can see 4 parts in a small bag in a small bag.